00:00:00 Foundations of Biology Introduction to Biology Definition and scope of biology Importance and applications in medicine, agriculture, and conservation Branches: molecular, cellular, ecological, and evolutionary biology Scientific Method in Biology Steps: observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, conclusion Experimental design: variables, controls, and reproducibility History and Evolution of Biological Thought Early contributions: Aristotle, Hippocrates Modern milestones: cell theory, Darwin’s evolution, discovery of DNA structure00:16:06 Cell Biology and Biomolecules The Cell as the Basic Unit of Life Cell theory and types: prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells Organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus Biomolecules: Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids Functions in energy storage, structural support, and genetics00:36:40 Genetics and Molecular Biology Fundamentals of Genetics Mendelian inheritance, dominance, codominance, and polygenic traits DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis DNA structure and replication Transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications Genetic Technologies CRISPR, genome sequencing Applications in personalized medicine and agriculture00:59:24 Evolution and Diversity of Life Principles of Evolution Natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow Evidence: fossils, comparative anatomy, molecular biology Classification and Phylogeny Linnaean taxonomy, phylogenetic trees Evolutionary relationships through molecular studies Biodiversity Speciation mechanisms Threats to biodiversity and conservation strategies01:25:07 Physiology and Anatomy of Organisms Human Anatomy and Physiology Skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, and endocrine systems Digestive and respiratory processes Plant Anatomy and Physiology Plant cell structure: chloroplasts, cell wall Photosynthesis, respiration, hormonal regulation, and growth processes01:59:40 Ecology and Environmental Biology Ecosystem Dynamics Biotic and abiotic components, food webs, energy transfer Biogeochemical cycles: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus Population Ecology Population growth models, carrying capacity, species interactions Human Impact and Sustainability 02:35:32 Microbiology and Biotechnology Microorganisms and Their Roles Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists: structure and ecological functions Microbial metabolism and genetic mechanisms Immunology and Disease Immune system overview: innate and adaptive immunity Vaccination and public health impacts Biotechnology Applications Genetic engineering, CRISPR, bioremediation Industrial and medical biotechnology03:12:08 Advanced Topics in Biology Molecular and Cellular Biology DNA replication, repair mechanisms Gene regulation and signal transduction pathways Neurobiology Neuron structure, action potentials, and neurotransmitters Neuroplasticity, memory, and brain function Systems Biology and Computational Biology Biological networks, bioinformatics tools, synthetic biology advancements03:44:14 Recap
