Dr. Leslie Rutkowski is Professor of Quantitative Research Methodology at Indiana University. Leslie’s research is in international large-scale assessment models and methods. Her interests include latent variable models and examining methods for comparing heterogeneous populations in international surveys. Dr. Rutkowski currently serves as associate editor for the Springer journal Large-scale Assessments in Education and as co-executive editor for the Springer book series, IEA Research for Education. She is also the chair of the PISA Technical Advisory Group and the NAEP Questionnaire Standing Committee. Dr. Rutkowski is also the editor of Handbook of International Large-Scale Assessment (Rutkowski, von Davier, and Rutkowski, 2014) with Chapman & Hall.