8.18.24
Quick Review #207 - #pathology #oralpathology #doctorgallagher #oralsurgery #oralsurgeon #dentist #dentistry #dental #oraldiseases #oralmanifestions #systemicdiseases
Systemic diseases can manifest in the oral cavity in various ways, often serving as an early indicator of underlying systemic issues.
Common Oral Manifestations:
1. Mucosal Changes:
• Ulcerations: Systemic diseases like Crohn’s disease, Behçet’s syndrome, and lupus erythematosus can cause recurrent oral ulcers, which are often painful and may resemble aphthous ulcers.
• Pigmentation: Addison’s disease and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome can lead to hyperpigmentation of the oral mucosa, presenting as brown to black macules, particularly on the gingiva and buccal mucosa.
2. Gingival and Periodontal Disease:
• Gingival Enlargement: Conditions such as leukemia can cause significant gingival enlargement due to infiltration of malignant cells or secondary infections.
• Periodontitis: Systemic diseases like diabetes mellitus significantly increase the risk of periodontal disease, characterized by bone loss, tooth mobility, and eventually tooth loss.
3. Salivary Gland Disorders:
•Xerostomia (Dry Mouth): Commonly associated with Sjögren’s syndrome and certain medications, xerostomia can lead to difficulties in swallowing, speaking, and increased susceptibility to dental caries and oral infections.
4. Oral Lesions:
• Candidiasis: Immunosuppressive conditions such as HIV/AIDS often present with oral candidiasis, manifesting as white plaques that can be wiped away to reveal a red, raw surface.
• Hairy Leukoplakia: Another manifestation commonly seen in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with HIV/AIDS, presenting as white, corrugated plaques on the lateral borders of the tongue.
5. Neoplastic Lesions:
• Kaposi Sarcoma: This is a vascular neoplasm commonly associated with HIV/AIDS, presenting as red to purple macules or nodules on the oral mucosa, particularly the palate and gingiva.
6. Dental and Skeletal Changes:
• Osteoporosis: Systemic conditions affecting bone metabolism, like osteoporosis, can result in increased susceptibility to fractures of the jawbone and may be detected through radiographic examination showing decreased bone density.
• Dental Anomalies: Systemic diseases during tooth development, such as congenital syphilis, can lead to dental anomalies like Hutchinson’s incisors or mulberry molars.
7. Oral Malignancies:
• Lymphoma and Leukemia: These hematologic malignancies can present as diffuse, non-tender, and often rapidly expanding gingival masses or ulcerations.
References:
1. Alagappan, R. (2009). Oral manifestations in systemic disorders (2nd ed.). In Medicine for dental students (Chapter 5). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
2. Neville, B. W., Damm, D. D., Allen, C. M., & Chi, A. C. (2015). Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (4th ed.). Saunders.
3. ChatGPT.2024
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