These sources examine the development and application of Theory of Change (ToC) and logic models in evaluating complex social and public health interventions. Key case studies, such as maternal health in Nigeria, integrated care for the elderly, and homelessness services in Toronto, illustrate how these frameworks map the causal pathways from inputs and activities to intended outcomes. The texts emphasize that robust evaluations must look beyond simple "if-then" logic to incorporate contextual factors and the diverse perspectives of marginalized program recipients. Researchers argue that identifying causal assumptions is vital for distinguishing between implementation failure and theoretical flaws in a program's design. By involving local stakeholders and analyzing potential risks or unintended results, evaluators can create more flexible, accurate models for social change. Ultimately, the sources present these tools as essential for identifying data needs, justifying methodology, and ensuring programs are plausible and feasible in real-world settings.
