Description

I. PERSISTENT QUESTIONS

I. Perplexities of Legal Theory

1. Three Recurrent Issues 6

3· Definition I 3

II. LAWS, COMMANDS, AND ORDERS I8

I. Varieties of Imperatives I 8

1. Law as Coercive Orders 20

III. THE VARIETY OF LAWS 26

I. The Content of Laws 27

1. The Range of Application 42

3· Modes of Origin 44

IV. SOVEREIGN AND SUBJECT so

I. The Habit of Obedience and the

Continuity of Law 5 I

1. The Persistence of Law 6I

3· Legal Limitations on Legislative Power 66

4· The Sovereign behind the Legislature 7 I

V. LAW AS THE UNION OF PRIMARY AND

SECONDARY RULES 79

I. A Fresh Start 79

1. The Idea of Obligation 82

3· The Elements of Law 9I

VI. THE FOUNDATIONS OF A LEGAL

SYSTEM IOO

I. Rule of Recognition and Legal Validity IOO

1. New Questions I IO

3· The Pathology of a Legal System I I 7

VII. FORMALISM AND RULE-SCEPTICISM I24

I. The Open Texture of Law I 24

1. Varieties of Rule-Scepticism I 36

XII CONTENTS

3· Finality and Infallibility in Judicial

Decision I4I

4· Uncertainty in the Rule of Recognition I47

VIII. JUSTICE AND MORALITY ISS

I. Principles of Justice IS 7

1. Moral and Legal Obligation I 67

3· Moral Ideals and Social Criticism I So

IX. LAWS AND MORALS ISS

1. Natural Law and Legal Positivism ISS
2. The Minimum Content of Natural Law I93

3· Legal Validity and Moral Value 200

X. INTERNATIONAL LAW 2I3

1. Sources of Doubt 2 I 3
2. Obligations and Sanctions 2 I 6

3· Obligation and the Sovereignty of States 220

4· International Law and Morality 227

S· Analogies of Form and Content 232