Dr. Courtney Peterson (Associate Professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA) talks about the timing of food intake and how it matters for metabolic and cardiovascular health. Courtney explains the terminology around intermittent fasting & time-restricted eating, complemented by a historical perspective on the scientific literature about how researchers became more and more interested in the timing of food intake. She thereby covers many diet approaches from caloric restriction, breakfast-skipping, "eat breakfast like a king", 1 vs. 2 vs. 3 meals per day to intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating. We discuss the early animal studies that led to the huge increase in clinical human trials about time-restricted eating that we see nowadays. Lastly, we point out potential physiological mechanisms behind the metabolic benefits of time-restricted eating.
Main paper:
Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes (Sutton et al. 2018)
https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(18)30253-5?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413118302535%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
Additional papers that Courtney and I refer to:
Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury from calorie intake (Anson et al. 2003)
https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1035720100
Time-Restricted Feeding without Reducing Caloric Intake Prevents Metabolic Diseases in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet (Hatori et al. 2012)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413112001891
Oren Froy's group in Israel:
Timed high-fat diet resets circadian metabolism and prevents obesity (Sherman et al. 2012)
https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.12-208868
Circadian alignment of early onset caloric restriction promotes longevity in male C57BL/6J mice (Acosta-Rodriguez et al. 2022)
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk0297
Rafael de Cabo's group:
Caloric restriction improves health and survival of rhesus monkeys (Mattison et al. 2017)
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14063
Time-Restricted Eating to Prevent and Manage Chronic Metabolic Diseases (Chaix et al. 2019)
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124320
Mark Mattson's group:
A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults (Stote et al. 2007)
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/85/4/981/4648934
Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulation in healthy, normal-weight middle-aged men and women (Carlson et al. 2007) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0026049507002806
High caloric intake at breakfast vs. dinner differentially influences weight loss of overweight and obese women (Jakubowicz et al. 2013)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/oby.20460
Restore fertility in women struggling to ovulate by frontloading calories early in the day:
Effects of caloric intake timing on insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (Jakubowicz et al. 2013)
https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/125/9/423/69160/Effects-of-caloric-intake-timing-on-insulin
Modulation of glucose regulation and insulin secretion by circadian rhythmicity and sleep. (Van Cauter et al. 1991)
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/115396
Diurnal Variation of Oral Glucose Tolerance: a Possible Pointer to the Evolution of Diabetes Mellitus (Jarret & Keen 1969)
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5653.341
Human adipose tissue expresses intrinsic circadian rhythm in insulin sensitivity (Carrasco-Benso et al. 2016)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5001513/
Rodents show better sodium secretion earlier in the day (work in progress from David Pollock's lab)
Effect of skipping breakfast for 6 days on energy metabolism and diurnal rhythm of blood glucose in young healthy Japanese males (Ogata et al. 2019)
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/110/1/41/5490310
Cardiometabolic effects of early v. delayed time-restricted eating plus energetic restriction in adults with overweight and obesity: an exploratory randomised clinical trial (Queiroz et al. 2022)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35614845/
