十九世紀中葉 shí jiǔ shì jì zhōng yè - mid-19th century
西方列強 xī fāng liè qiáng - Western powers
侵略 qīn lüè - invasion, aggression
地理大發現 dì lǐ dà fā xiàn - Age of Discovery (Great Geographical Discoveries)
船隻 chuán zhī - ships, vessels
接觸 jiē chù - contact, interaction
工業革命 gōng yè gé mìng - Industrial Revolution
迅速 xùn sù - rapid, fast
武器 wǔ qì - weapons
先進 xiān jìn - advanced, sophisticated
淪為 lún wéi - to become (a worse state), to be reduced to
半殖民半封建 bàn zhí mín bàn fēng jiàn - semi-colonial and semi-feudal
屈辱 qū rǔ - humiliation, disgrace
鴉片貿易 yā piàn mào yì - opium trade
清朝 qīng cháo - Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)
戰敗 zhàn bài - to be defeated in war
簽訂 qiān dìng - to sign (a treaty, contract)
南京條約 nán jīng tiáo yuē - Treaty of Nanjing
開放通商口岸 kāi fàng tōng shāng kǒu àn - opening trade ports
割讓香港 gē ràng xiāng gǎng - ceding Hong Kong
主權 zhǔ quán - sovereignty
喪失 sàng shī - to lose (rights, sovereignty, etc.)
實力 shí lì - strength, capability
大幅下降 dà fú xià jiàng - to decline sharply
八國聯軍 bā guó lián jūn - Eight-Nation Alliance (1900 invasion of China)
侵華 qīn huá - invasion of China
入侵 rù qīn - to invade
以...為由 yǐ ... wéi yóu - using ... as an excuse
鎮壓 zhèn yā - to suppress, to crack down
義和團 yì hé tuán - Boxer Rebellion (anti-foreign movement in 1899-1901)
攻進 gōng jìn - to attack and enter
佔領 zhàn lǐng - to occupy
紫禁城 zǐ jìn chéng - Forbidden City
洗劫 xǐ jié - to loot, to plunder
頤和園 yí hé yuán - Summer Palace
辛丑條約 xīn chǒu tiáo yuē - Boxer Protocol (1901 treaty)
賠款 péi kuǎn - reparations, indemnity
白銀 bái yín - silver (currency in historical China)
消弱 xiāo ruò - to weaken, to diminish
處境 chǔ jìng - situation, plight
艱難 jiān nán - difficult, tough
偽滿洲國 wèi mǎn zhōu guó - Manchukuo (puppet state in Northeast China, 1932-1945)
殖民統治 zhí mín tǒng zhì - colonial rule
南京大屠殺 nán jīng dà tú shā - Nanjing Massacre (1937)
殺害 shā hài - to kill, to murder
不甘心 bù gān xīn - unwilling to accept, resentful
打壓 dǎ yā - suppression, crackdown
自尊心 zì zūn xīn - self-esteem, sense of dignity
損害 sǔn hài - to damage, to harm
致力於 zhì lì yú - to commit to, to devote efforts to
話語權 huà yǔ quán - discourse power, right to speak in international affairs
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