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“This industry is currently responsible for 2.4% of global CO2 emissions,” according to the NGO International Council on Clean Transportation. The race is on, aircraft manufacturers are all on their drawing board to find a thousand and one ways to reduce the carbon footprint of their aircraft. While the hydrogen plane takes off slowly, others are working on a 100% electric plane. Commercial aviation has set itself the goal of decarbonizing this industry by 2050.
Flying without increasing your carbon footprint is a goal within reach. Airbus and Embraer are working hard to get the first passengers on board in 2035. Teams of systems engineers from Airbus are currently working on a propulsion system capable of converting liquid hydrogen into electricity and running an engine and much less polluting than current engines. The heart of the system consists of hydrogen fuel cells.
By 2026, Airbus, in collaboration with the engine manufacturer CFM International, intends to install on the A380 its prototype "propulsion system" which could be either a fuel cell supplying an electric motor, or a gas turbine converting Hydrogen instead of kerosene. Its use in commercial aviation still poses many technical challenges, in particular the need to store this gas at very low temperatures (-235°C) and high pressure in spherical tanks. In addition, hydrogen will put a strain on mechanical parts, as it burns at a much higher temperature. Another challenge for a sector subject to drastic certification and security rules.
Fuel cells emit only water when they turn hydrogen into electricity, but the power of the propeller motors they power is limited. A gas turbine fueled by hydrogen is more powerful, but it is also more polluting, because the combustion of hydrogen emits nitrogen oxides, which contribute to climate change. Both technologies are being evaluated to determine their potential for aviation, and a choice will be made based on the results.
Airbus plans to test these systems in the air from 2026 to 2028, under real flight conditions. Once the technology is chosen, Airbus will launch in 2028 the design of a real hydrogen plane, with 100 passengers and a range of around 2,000 km, characteristics that the company's engineers consider realistic with current technology. If all goes according to plan, Airbus' first hydrogen-powered plane should enter service in 2035.
Brazilian manufacturer Embraer also plans to launch its first hydrogen planes in 2035, according to what the company revealed this week, but these will be smaller, with 19 to 30 seats, and a more limited range, around 370 km.
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