Some reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words:
- Family terms: méh₂tēr ("mother"), ph₂tḗr ("father"), dhugh₂tḗr ("daughter"), suHnús ("son").
- Animals: gwóus ("cow"), éḱwos ("horse"), h₃rḗḱs ("king" or "ruler," originally "he who rules over cattle").
- Natural world: dyḗws ("sky" or "daylight"), h₂éwsōs ("dawn").
- Tools and weapons: h₁nómn̥ ("name"), peḱu ("livestock, wealth").
PIE Root: dwo ("two")
- Sanskrit: dvá
- Greek: dyo
- Latin: duo (e.g., "dual")
- Old English: twā (modern English: "two")
- Old High German: zwei (modern German: zwei)
PIE Root: déḱm̥ ("ten")
- Sanskrit: daśa
- Greek: déka
- Latin: decem (e.g., "decimal")
- Old English: tīen (modern English: "ten")
- Old High German: zehan (modern German: zehn)
Dyḗus Ph₂tḗr ("Sky Father"):
- The chief deity, associated with the daytime sky, light, and authority. This god appears as Zeus in Greek, Jupiter (Diu-pater) in Roman, Dyaus in Vedic, and Týr in Norse mythology.
H₂éwsōs ("Dawn"):
- A goddess of the dawn, renewal, and fertility. She survives as Eos in Greek, Aurora in Roman, Uṣas in Vedic, and potentially Ēostre in Germanic traditions.
Perkwunos ("Thunder God"):
- Associated with storms, thunder, and war. Manifested as Perkūnas in Baltic, Thor in Norse, Perun in Slavic, and Indra in Vedic traditions.
H₂érkʷns ("Earth Mother"):
- A nurturing goddess tied to fertility and the earth. Echoes of this figure are found in the Greek Gaia and the Vedic Prithvi.
H₁n̥gʷnis (Fire Deity)
- Role: A sacred fire or hearth deity, often a mediator between gods and humans.
- Reconstructed Name: H₁n̥gʷnis ("Fire").
- Modern Equivalents:
- Vedic: Agni (fire god, intermediary in sacrifices).
- Roman: Vulcan (god of fire and metalworking).
- Greek: Hephaestus (god of fire and crafts).
