This text introduces the concept of the "pivot penalty" in research and invention, quantifying how far researchers move from their existing work. Analyzing millions of papers and patents, the study reveals that the impact of new work, measured by citations, publication success, and market value, significantly decreases the further a researcher ventures from their established area. This penalty has been increasing over time and holds true across various fields, career stages, and funding contexts. The research further examines how this penalty manifests during external shocks, such as paper retractions and the COVID-19 pandemic, finding that despite researchers pivoting to address these events, the negative impact on their work persists. The findings suggest significant challenges in adapting research streams and have implications for individual researchers, institutions, and science policy.
Hill, R., Yin, Y., Stein, C. et al. The pivot penalty in research. Nature (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09048-1
