The Founders did not invent their politics; they read it. This episode traces the classical inheritance at the root of American constitutional design through three ancient figures and one cautionary contrast. Aristotle gave the Founders the empirical study of constitutions and the doctrine of the mixed regime anchored in a broad middle class. Polybius gave them anacyclosis — the wheel by which governments decay — and the recognition that a mixed constitution could slow the turning. Cicero gave them the natural-law doctrine that there is a true law above all human law, binding in every age, that no senate or majority can repeal — and, in his death on the road to Formiae, a warning about how republics fall. Plato supplied the road not taken: rule by an enlightened few, which the Founders read in order to reject. The episode closes by confronting honestly the moral failures embedded in these sources — above all slavery — and the scholarly debate over whether the Founders were republicans or liberals, before answering both.
