This episode explores pathology of the lower urinary tract and male genital system as disease of flow, obstruction, and function within confined anatomy. The bladder, ureters, prostate, urethra, testes, and associated ducts operate under precise mechanical and hormonal control. Disease emerges when outflow is impeded, pressure accumulates, or regulatory balance is lost.
The episode begins with the lower urinary tract as a system designed for storage and controlled release. Normal bladder compliance, detrusor contraction, and sphincter coordination are introduced as prerequisites for continence and efficient voiding. Obstruction is then explored as a central pathological theme. Prostatic enlargement, urethral strictures, and neurogenic dysfunction are traced through their effects on bladder hypertrophy, trabeculation, infection risk, and upper tract damage.
Inflammatory and infectious conditions are examined next. Cystitis and prostatitis are presented as disorders shaped by anatomy and flow, where stasis and instrumentation increase vulnerability. The episode highlights how chronic inflammation alters tissue architecture and symptom patterns over time.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is examined as a hormonally driven process rather than simple ageing. Stromal and epithelial proliferation within the prostate produces predictable patterns of obstruction and secondary bladder change. The distinction between benign enlargement and malignancy is emphasised through growth pattern and behaviour rather than symptoms alone.
Prostate carcinoma is then explored as the dominant malignancy of the male genital system. The episode traces its origin within prostatic glands, patterns of local invasion, and propensity for bone metastasis. Screening, grading, and staging are framed as tools for risk stratification rather than absolute predictors.
The episode also addresses testicular pathology. Germ cell tumours are presented as diseases of developmental arrest and aberrant differentiation. Torsion, infection, and endocrine dysfunction are examined as acute and chronic threats to fertility and hormonal balance.
Finally, the episode reframes disease in this region as pathology of constrained passage. Small changes in volume, tone, or structure can produce disproportionate functional consequences, linking urinary and reproductive health closely to anatomy.
Key takeaways
* Lower urinary tract disease centres on obstruction and flow disturbance
* Bladder pathology reflects chronic pressure and coordination failure
* Benign prostatic hyperplasia is hormonally driven and predictable
* Prostate cancer spreads early through characteristic pathways
* Testicular disease threatens fertility and endocrine balance
