This episode explores the extraordinary rise and rule of Oliver Cromwell, the man who led England through its only experiment with republican government after the execution of Charles I. Following the abolition of the monarchy in 1649, England became a Commonwealth in name, but real power quickly shifted to the army, with Cromwell at its head.
Originally committed to reform and moral renewal, Cromwell grew frustrated with Parliament’s corruption and indecision. In 1653, he dissolved it by force and became Lord Protector, ruling through military authority. Though he refused the title of king, he governed as a de facto ruler, dividing the country into military districts and enforcing strict moral discipline. Public entertainment was restricted, and religious life was reshaped around Puritan values.
Cromwell promoted limited Protestant tolerance and strengthened England’s navy and trade, helping establish the country as a growing global power. However, his brutal campaigns in Ireland and Scotland left a legacy of deep resentment and suffering. His rule relied heavily on personal authority rather than stable institutions.
When Cromwell died in 1658, his system collapsed. His son Richard failed to maintain control, and political chaos returned. In 1660, England restored the monarchy under Charles II, choosing stability over continued military rule.
Cromwell’s legacy remains deeply divided: he proved that kings could be overthrown and power challenged, but also demonstrated how easily revolution could turn into dictatorship. His reign permanently changed England’s understanding of authority, law, and governance.
