This s a key concept in Buddhism. The term generally translated as "afflictions" is Kleshas (Sanskrit: kleśa or Pali: kilesa), which are mental states that cloud the mind, manifest in unwholesome actions, and are considered the root cause of suffering (dukkha) and continued existence in the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra).
There are several ways these afflictions are categorized:
The Three Poisons (Triviṣa)
These are considered the root of all other afflictions:
- Ignorance (avidyā or moha): Delusion, confusion, or the fundamental misunderstanding of the true nature of reality (especially the self). Often represented by a pig.
- Attachment (rāga or lobha): Greed, desire, passion, or craving for things we like. Often represented by a rooster/bird.
- Aversion (dveṣa or dosa): Anger, hatred, hostility, or pushing away things we dislike. Often represented by a snake.
The Five Poisons (Pañca Kleśaviṣa)
This list expands on the Three Poisons and is prominent in Mahayana Buddhism:
- Ignorance (or Delusion)
- Attachment (or Desire/Greed)
- Aversion (or Anger/Hatred)
- Pride (māna): Arrogance, conceit, or having an inflated opinion of oneself.
- Jealousy/Envy (īrṣyā): Being unable to bear the accomplishments or good fortune of others.
The Six Root Afflictions
Another key enumeration, especially in Abhidharma and some Mahayana schools:
- Attachment (rāga)
- Anger (pratigha)
- Ignorance (avidyā)
- Pride/Conceit (māna)
- Doubt (vicikitsā): Afflictive doubt about the efficacy of the Buddhist path.
- Wrong View/False View (dṛṣṭi): Distorted or incorrect understanding of reality.
Buddhism teaches that by recognizing and systematically removing these afflictions, one can reveal the inherent pure nature of the mind and achieve enlightenment.
