在中国历史的早期,一些政治思想家便提出了一些极为深刻的论证:国家治理应依赖法律的持续施行,而非政治掌权者的个人裁量。
本期节目,我们与中国法家思想领域的领军学者Eirik Lang Harris一起,讨论这一思想路径的早期开拓者之一——慎子(慎到)的核心论点。
0:00 Part I – 聊了聊各自忙碌的生活
7:39 前言:介紹法家
15:13 Part II --慎子论法 Shen Dao on Law
15:37 嘉宾介绍Eirik Lang Harris
17:38 慎子法律思想概述 Overview of Shen Dao's views on law
21:26 First passage: 法律本身的价值 the value of law itself
25:18 慎子与儒家论「严格遵循规则」的利弊 Shen Dao vs. Confucians on the pros and cons of "strict rule-following"
28:57 法律作为解决恩怨问题的方案 Law as a solution to problems of gratitude and resentment
37:23 法律是否总是过于「开放性」而无法机械适用?Are laws invariably too "open textured" to be appliedmechanically?
45:05 慎子是在倡导「法治」(而非仅仅「以法而治」)吗?Is Shen Dao recommending the rule of law (not just rule by law)?
52:22 Second passage: 法源于人(而非天)laws come from human beings (not from Heaven)
1:07:00 Third passage: 反对私德 againstprivate morality
1:19:28 法律与自然力量的类比 The analogy between laws and forces of nature
1:21:34 慎子思想中关于法律可变性的张力 a tension in Shen Dao's thought regarding the changeabilityof laws
1:30:05 儒家之忧:慎子所构想的国家是否为有意义的人际关系留有空间?A Confucian worry: does Shen Dao's state make room for meaningful human relationships?
1:33:47 结语 Closing thoughts
1. 法律本身的价值
君人者,舍法而以身治,则诛赏予夺,从君心出矣。然则受赏者虽当,望多无穷;受罚者虽当,望轻无已。君舍法,而以心裁轻重,则同功殊赏,同罪殊罚矣,怨之所由生也。是以分马者之用策,分田者之用钩,非以钩策为过于人智也。所以去私塞怨也。故曰:大君任法而弗躬,则事断于法矣。法之所加,各以其分,蒙其赏罚而无望于君也。是以怨不生而上下和矣。
(Shengzi Fragments 6; Eirik Lang Harris’stranslation, lines 61–65)
2. 法源于人
法非从天下,非从地出,发于人间,合乎人心而已。治水者,茨防决塞,九州四海,相似如一,学之于水,不学之于禹也。
(Shengzi Fragments 8.51; Eirik Lang Harris’stranslation, Q1)
3. 反对私德
故有道之国,法立则私议不行,君立则贤者不尊。民一于君,事断于法,是国之大道也。
(Shengzi Fragments 8.5; Eirik Lang Harris’stranslation, line 77)
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The Shenzi Fragments, a study and translation of the surviving works of ShenDao, by Eirik Lang Harris
Legalism 法家 (sometimes called the “Fa School”)
Han Feizi 韩非子 (c. 280-233 BCE)
“flake”(口语化的英文表达,指未能履行基本承诺的人,也可用作动词,如「掉链子」 flake out)
势 (positionalpower, power of position, circumstantial power)
法 (laws, public models,institutional rules)
Lord Shang 商君, a.k.a. Shang Yang商鞅 (c. 390-338 BCE)
H.L.A. Hart (1907-1992, influential legal philosopher who wroteabout the “open texture of the law”)
“rule of law” (as contrasted with “rule of people”) 法治,对比人治
The Huainanzi 淮南子(一部汉代典籍,可能更明确地支持法治观念。 On this issue, see also Roger T. Ames, The Art of Rulership)
禹 (大禹治水)
法立, “establishing the law”
君立, “establishing the ruler”
私议, “private goodness,” “privatemoral norms”
以法去法 (指严格而严厉地执行法律,以至于人们总是遵守,官员不再需要强制执行)
《论语·子路》13.18, 「直躬者」篇 (详见episode 13)