This review explores the intricate connections between diet, the gut microbiome, and cancer, encompassing its development, progression, and responses to treatment. It highlights how specific dietary components, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins, can modulate microbial communities and, in turn, influence various cancer-related processes. The authors also discuss the impact of dietary timing, like intermittent fasting, on both the host and microbial circadian rhythms, and their implications for cancer therapy. Furthermore, the text addresses diet-microbiome interactions in diseases predisposing to cancer, such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease, and their influence on treatment outcomes and adverse effects. The review concludes by outlining the challenges and future directions in this complex field, emphasizing the need for robust, causal studies to develop personalized nutritional interventions in oncology.
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