Augmented Cognition research and development efforts seek to extend a user’s abilities via computational technologies that are explicitly designed to address and accommodate bottlenecks, limitations, and biases in cognition, such as limitations in attention, memory, learning, comprehension, visualization abilities, and decision making. At its core, the Augmented Cognition is concerned with fostering the development and application of: • Real-time physiological and neurophysiological sensing technologies that can ascertain a human’s cognitive state while interacting with computing-based systems; • Mitigation (adaptive) strategies that enable efficient and effective system adaptation based on a user’s dynamically changing cognitive state; • Individually-tailored training systems; The Augmented Cognition aims to discover, develop, and apply neuroscience-based methodologies and tools that can enhance the human-centered approaches inl human-system integration issues, specific human-computer interaction techniques, or a combination of both.