Galen of Pergamon, a Roman physician born in 129 CE, revolutionized medicine by combining rigorous empirical observation with classical Greek medical theory, particularly the humoral system. He gained practical experience treating gladiators in Pergamon and later served as a personal physician to Emperor Marcus Aurelius, producing a vast body of writings on anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and medical ethics. His work dominated Western and Islamic medicine for over a millennium, shaping diagnostic methods, treatment practices, and the philosophical integration of medicine with moral and intellectual life.
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