Show Outline
- An introduction to web tracking technologies and their impact on personal privacy
- Goals of web tracking
- Improve web site performance
- Conduct web site analytics
- Develop information for business operations
- Feed targeted advertising to visitors (which often supports free services)
- Types of web tracking technologies
- Statistical -* browser used, geolocation, pages visited, operating system, device type, etc. Statcounter, Google Analytics, etc.
- Cookies
- Invented in 1994 by Lou Montulli
- It is a small data file stored on your hard drive when you visit certain web sites (almost all of them)
- Flavors of cookies
- First-party cookies -* created by a domain (web site) that you have visited
- Session (‘temporary’) cookies -* cookies designed to store information about a user’s web site visit while they are on the site; once the visit is over, the cookie is deleted
- Permanent (‘persistent’) cookies -* these remain even after a browser is closed. Typically used to store user ID and password for a particular site so that you don’t have to enter them each time
- Second-party Cookies -* in some limited instances, a domain will share its cookies with a trusted partner; for instance, an airline might share with a hotel chain, which would then send you ads for loding
- Third-party Cookies -* cookies created by a company or web domain other than the one you are visiting, typically by an advertisement of some kind. Web sites earn ad revenues by allowing the third-party ad network to use their site to place cookies. These are the cookies that can track your movement around the web, so they are responsible for the somewhat creepy appearance of ads for things you just looked at.
- Pixels (aka ‘pixel tag’)
- Tiny images (1 pixel) that are stored on a server but embedded
- Criticized by privacy advocates because they can collect extensive information about the user/email recipient without their knowledge
- They function even if the browser cache and cookies are regularly cleared
- Fingerprinting (‘a data portrait’)
- A system that identifies you by creating a profile based on largely unchanging information associated with your device
- screen resolution
- operating system and model
- browser version
- Once enough data is collected, a virtual ‘bar code’ can be compiled that uniquely identifies you
- This process occurs when your browser interacts with a web site; no data is stored on your computer
- As a result, it is very difficult to block
- Breaking News
- In February 2020, Google announced that its Chrome browser will no longer allow third-party cookies
- This month, Google also announced that it will NOT be developing alternative technology to track individuals and it will not include such technology in its products
- Security issues
- Web sites cannot read cookies from other web sites
- However, advertising networks that deploy third-party cookies can track a lot of your online activity (because the ad networks are so ubiquitous)
- As our use of the internet expands, online tracking could reveal behavior that might be embarrassing or dangerous to the individual being tracked -* personal behaviors, lifestyle choices, political beliefs, activism, etc.
- Steps you can take to limit web tracking
- Minimize what you do online
- Use a browser that blocks third-party cookies (Mozilla Firefox is particularly good)
- Keep in mind that automatically blocking third-party cookies may cause some sites to pop up messages asking you to disable the adblocker. Others may simply not work at all.
- Test what information your browser shares
- Electronic Frontier Foundation “Cover Your Tracks”
- https://coveryourtracks.eff.org/
- Make your browser and email settings as restrictive as possible, including requiring permission for downloads
- Regularly clear your browser cache, your cookies, and your internet history (just Google it)
- Browse anonymously
- Avoid using log-in services
- “Private” mode on mainstream browsers
- Use a VPN that you actually pay for …
- Use TOR to surf the Web
Research and more information:
