Episode 159 of the Professor Alex Volinsky podcast. Nine wt% of cheap steel-industry high-carbon ferrochrome in powder-metallurgy titanium refined beta grains, thinned alpha lamellae, and precipitated TiC at boundaries, with Fe/Cr stabilizing beta phase. Result: 480 HV (+60% vs Ti6Al4V), 1228 MPa tensile, 1140 MPa yield — high performance at lower cost. Based on the paper: High-Carbon Ferrochrome Effects on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloys; Boxin Lu, Ce Zhang, Zhimeng Guo, Fang Yang, Haiying Wang, Alex A. Volinsky, Li You; Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2019, Vol. 28(9), pp. 5361–5368. Hosts Elena and Marcus. AI-generated voices.