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AIMA4e Annotations
A companion to the great white brick.
As of November 23, 2022
(Start date: November 21, 2022.)
[1]retraice.com
Version notes: [2]Retraice ([3]2022/11/21) (Re57), first draft; [4]Retraice ([5]2022/11/22) (Re58), no footnotes; [6]Retraice ([7]2022/11/22) (Re58) again, moved some notes from Re57 and Re58 notes to footnotes here.
PREFACE
* The phenomenon: intelligent agents[8]^1
* The discipline: artificial intelligence,[9]^2 "the study of agents that receive percepts from the environment and perform actions." (vii)
* Aspects of the phenomenon:
+ Agent function: "Each ...agent implements a function that maps percept sequences to actions" (vii)
o Ways to represent agent functions include: "reactive agents, real-time planners, decision-theoretic systems, and deep learning systems." (vii)
+ Learning
o "a construction method for competent systems" (viii)
o "a way of extending the reach of the designer into unknown environments." (viii)
+ Goals
o Robotics and vision:
# "not ...independently defined problems"
# "[things] in the service of achieving goals."
I INTELLIGENCE --"Artificial Intelligence"
1 Intro:
definitions, foundations, history, philosophy, state of the art, risks-benefits
2 Agents:
environments, `good' behavior, agent structure and types
II SOLVING--"Problem-solving"
3 Searching:
Looking ahead to find a sequence.
Algorithms, strategies, informed/heuristic[10]^3 strategies.
4 Complex Environments:
More realistic environments.
Local search, optimization, continuous spaces, nondeterministic actions, partially observable env.s, online search and unknown env.s.
5 Adversarial Games:
Other agents competing against us.
Theory, optimal decisions, alpha-beta tree search, Monte Carlo tree search, stochastic g.s, partially observable g.s, limitations.
6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems:
States as domains, solutions as allowable combinations of states.
Constraint propagation, inference, backtracking search, local search, structure of problems
III THINKING--"Knowledge, reasoning, and planning"
7 Logical Agents:
Forming representations and reasoning before acting.
Knowledge-based agents; representing[11]^4 worlds; logic, world models and `possible worlds';[12]^5 logic without objects.
8 First-Order Logic:
A formal language for objects and their relations.
`Ontological commitment' (what is assumed about reality); syntax, semantics; knowledge engineering (building formal representations of important[13]^6 objects and relations in a domain).
9 First-Order Inference:
Reasoning about objects and their relations.
Algorithms to answer any 1st-order logic question.
10 Knowledge Representation:
Representing the real world for problem solving.
What content to put into a knowledge base.
Knowledge representation languages and their uses (315):
* First-order logic: reasoning about a world of objects and relations;
* Hierarchical task networks: for reasoning about plans (chpt. 11);
* Bayesian networks: for reasoning with uncertainty (chpt. 13);
* Markov models: for reasoning over time (chpt. 17);
* Deep neural networks: for reasoning about images, sounds, other data (chpt. 21).
11 Automated Planning:
Hierarchical task networks.
Planning for spacecraft, factories, military campaigns; representing actions and states; efficient algorithms and heuristics.
IV UNCERTAINTY--"Uncertain knowledge and reasoning"
12 Quantifying Uncertainty:
An answer to the laziness and ignorance that kill formal logic.
Causes of uncertainty are environment types (partially observable,[14]^7 nondeterministic, adversarial[15]^8 ); belief state grows big and unlikely fast (384); agents still need a way to act; absolute certainty is impossible;[16]^9 it comes down to importance, likelihood and degree of success (385-386).
Logic fails because laziness and ignorance; probability theory solves the qualification problem by summarizing the uncertainty.[17]^10
* Laziness: too much work to list everything, or use such a list;
* Ignorance: (theoretical) there are no complete theories; (practical) we can never run all the tests.
13 Probabilistic Reasoning [big]:
Bayesian networks.
For reasoning with uncertainty by representing causal independence (398) and conditional independence (401) relationships to simplify probabilistic representations of the world.
14 Probabilistic Reasoning Over Time:
Comprehending the uncertain past, present and future.
[18]^11
Belief state plus transition model yields prediction (chpt 4, 7, 11); percepts and sensor model yield updated belief state; add probability theory to switch from possible states to probable states.[19]^12
15 Probabilistic Programming:
Universal formal languages to represent any computable probability model, and they come with algorithms.
Using formal logic and traditional programming languages to represent probabilistic information.
16 Making Simple Decisions:
Agents getting what they want in an uncertain world--as much as possible, on average.
Beliefs, desires; utility theory; utility functions; decision networks; the value of information (547);[20]^13 this chapter is concerned with one-shot or episodic decisions problems (as opposed to sequential) (cf. 562, below).
17 Making Complex Decisions:
What to do today given decisions to be made tomorrow.
Sequential decision problems (as opposed to one-shot episodic, cf. above): the agent's utility depends on a sequence of decisions in stochastic (explicitly probabilistic (45)) and partially observable environments. Markov models (563; cf. 463) for reasoning over time (chpt. 17).
18 Multiagent Decision Making [big]:
When there's more than one agent in the environment.
The nature of such environments and the strategies for problem-solving depend on the relationships between agents: non-cooperative and cooperative game theory; collective decision-making.
V LEARNING--"Machine learning"
19: 20: 21: deep neural networks: for reasoning about images, sounds, other data (chpt. 21). 22:
VI INTERACTING--"Communicating, perceiving, and acting"
23: 24: 25: 26:
VII CONCLUSIONS--"Conclusions"
27: 28:
__
References
Crawford, K. (2021). Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. Yale University Press. ISBN: 978-0300209570. Searches:
[21]https://www.amazon.com/s?k=9780300209570
[22]https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+9780300209570
[23]https://lccn.loc.gov/2020947842
Frankfurt, H. G. (1988). The Importance of What We Care About. Cambridge. ISBN: 978-0521336116. Searches:
[24]https://www.amazon.com/s?k=978-0521336116
[25]https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+978-0521336116
[26]https://lccn.loc.gov/87026941
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN: 978-0374533557. Searches:
[27]https://www.amazon.com/s?k=978-0374533557
[28]https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+978-0374533557
[29]https://lccn.loc.gov/2012533187
Retraice (2020/09/07). Re1: Three Kinds of Intelligence. retraice.com.
[30]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re1 Retrieved 22nd Sep. 2020.
Retraice (2020/11/10). Re13: The Care Factor. retraice.com.
[31]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re13 Retrieved 10th Nov. 2020.
Retraice (2020/11/25). Re15: Trust and Sources. retraice.com.
[32]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re15 Retrieved 28th Feb. 2022.
Retraice (2022/10/19). Re23: You Need a World Model. retraice.com.
[33]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re23 Retrieved 20th Oct. 2022.
Retraice (2022/10/23). Re27: Now That's a World Model - WM4. retraice.com.
[34]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re27 Retrieved 24th Oct. 2022.
Retraice (2022/10/31). Re36: Notes on Conspiracy. retraice.com.
[35]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re36 Retrieved 4th Nov. 2022.
Retraice (2022/11/12). Re48: From Drugs to Mao to Money. retraice.com.
[36]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re48 Retrieved 14th Nov. 2022.
Retraice (2022/11/16). Re52: Big Questions About AI. retraice.com.
[37]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re52 Retrieved 17th Nov. 2022.
Retraice (2022/11/21). Re57: AI, Agents, Problem-solving, Searching, Environments, Games (AIMA4e chpts. 1-6). retraice.com.
[38]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re57 Retrieved 22nd Nov. 2022.
Retraice (2022/11/22). Re58: Thinking and Uncertainty (AIMA4e chpts. 7-18). retraice.com.
[39]https://www.retraice.com/segments/re58 Retrieved 23rd Nov. 2022.
Russell, B. (1948). Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. Routledge. First published in 1948. This edition 1992. ISBN: 0415083028. Searches:
[40]https://archive.org/search.php?query=Human%20Knowledge%3A%20Its%20Scope%20and%20Limits
[41]https://www.amazon.com/s?k=0415083028
[42]https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+0415083028
[43]https://lccn.loc.gov/94209784
Vallee, J. (1979). Messengers of Deception: UFO Contacts and Cults. And/Or Press. ISBN: 0915904381. Different edition and searches:
[44]https://archive.org/details/MessengersOfDeceptionUFOContactsAndCultsJacquesValle1979/mode/2up
[45]https://www.amazon.com/s?k=0915904381
[46]https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+0915904381
[47]https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=0915904381
References
1. https://retraice.com/
2. XReSeg57
3. XReSeg57
4. XReSeg58
5. XReSeg58
6. XReSeg58
7. XReSeg58
8. fn1x0
9. fn2x0
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15. fn8x0
16. fn9x0
17. fn10x0
18. fn11x0
19. fn12x0
20. fn13x0
21. https://www.amazon.com/s?k=9780300209570
22. https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+9780300209570
23. https://lccn.loc.gov/2020947842
24. https://www.amazon.com/s?k=978-0521336116
25. https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+978-0521336116
26. https://lccn.loc.gov/87026941
27. https://www.amazon.com/s?k=978-0374533557
28. https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+978-0374533557
29. https://lccn.loc.gov/2012533187
30. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re1
31. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re13
32. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re15
33. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re23
34. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re27
35. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re36
36. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re48
37. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re52
38. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re57
39. https://www.retraice.com/segments/re58
40. https://archive.org/search.php?query=Human%20Knowledge%3A%20Its%20Scope%20and%20Limits
41. https://www.amazon.com/s?k=0415083028
42. https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+0415083028
43. https://lccn.loc.gov/94209784
44. https://archive.org/details/MessengersOfDeceptionUFOContactsAndCultsJacquesValle1979/mode/2up
45. https://www.amazon.com/s?k=0915904381
46. https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn+0915904381
47. https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=0915904381
