Exodus 1 introduces the historical setting of Israel’s deliverance by showing how God’s covenant people moved from favor to oppression in Egypt. The chapter emphasizes the fulfillment of God’s promises to Abraham—Israel multiplied greatly and became a strong nation, demonstrating God’s faithfulness despite changing political circumstances.
A new Pharaoh, who did not know Joseph, viewed Israel’s growth as a threat and attempted to suppress them through harsh slavery. However, human opposition could not thwart God’s purposes; the more the Egyptians oppressed Israel, the more the nation multiplied. This illustrates a recurring biblical principle: God often uses adversity to advance His redemptive plan.
Pharaoh’s attempt to control Israel culminated in a command to kill Hebrew male infants, reflecting Satanic opposition to God’s covenant line. Yet even here, God worked through faithful individuals—particularly the Hebrew midwives—whose fear of God preserved life and brought divine blessing.
Overall, Constable sees Exodus 1 as setting the theological foundation for the book:
