A physical therapist performs the standing lumbar quadrant test (Kemp's test) on a patient with low back pain. The patient reports that their pain is intermittent and mostly isolated to the lumbar region, though can occasionally radiate to the buttock. During the test, the patient notes that only their lumbar pain is reproduced. Which structure is MOST directly loaded during this test?
1. Intervertebral disc and corresponding nerve root
2. Erector spinae muscle group
3. Lumbar facet joints
4. Iliolumbar ligament
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