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We discuss a clear, practical guide to menopause, explaining what it is, why it happens, and how to manage the most common symptoms with everyday steps and evidence-based options. We set up next week’s deep dive on hormone therap.
• Defining menopause and typical timing
• Why estrogen declines and bodywide effects
• Common symptoms across sleep, mood, and metabolism
• Hot flashes and night sweats frequency and duration
• Vaginal and urinary symptoms that mimic UTIs
• Bone density loss and changing heart risk
• Lifestyle tactics that actually help
• When to ask about hormonal and non-hormonal treatments
• Teaser for hormone therapy update next week
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References
1. Menopause-Biology, Consequences, Supportive Care, and Therapeutic Options. Davis SR, Pinkerton J, Santoro N, Simoncini T. Cell. 2023;186(19):4038-4058. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.016.
2. The Menopause Transition: Signs, Symptoms, and Management Options. Santoro N, Roeca C, Peters BA, Neal-Perry G. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021;106(1):1-15. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa764.
3. Management of Menopausal Symptoms: A Review. Crandall CJ, Mehta JM, Manson JE. JAMA. 2023;329(5):405-420. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.24140.
4. Menopause. Davis SR, Lambrinoudaki I, Lumsden M, et al. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 2015;1:15004. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.4.
5. Menopause: Physiology, Definitions, and Symptoms. Gatenby C, Simpson P. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2024;38(1):101855. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2023.101855.
6. Reproductive Aging in Biological Females: Mechanisms and Immediate Consequences. Muhammad YA. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2025;16:1658592. doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1658592.
7. Treating Menopause - MHT and Beyond. Davis SR, Baber RJ. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 2022;18(8):490-502. doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00685-4.
8. Management of Perimenopausal and Menopausal Symptoms. Duralde ER, Sobel TH, Manson JE. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2023;382:e072612. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072612.
9. Hormone Therapy for Postmenopausal Women. Pinkerton JV. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(5):446-455. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1714787.
10. An Empowerment Model for Managing Menopause. Hickey M, LaCroix AZ, Doust J, et al. Lancet (London, England). 2024;403(10430):947-957. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02799-X.
11. Menopause. Carter AE, Merriam S. The Medical Clinics of North America. 2023;107(2):199-212. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.003.
Production and Content: Edward Delesky, MD & Nicole Aruffo, RN
Artwork: Olivia Pawlowski
