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VLAD THE IMPALER: DOCUMENTS & USEFUL INFORMATION

This blog is dedicated exclusively to the historical figure of Vlad III Drakulya, Voivode of
Wallachia (known as Vlad the Impaler; ca. 1431-1476) and to everything related to him: books,
documents, chronicles, manuscripts and personal research.
/ Warning: Lots of Google Translated posts.
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How historians make the difference between the fictional Vlad and The real one and why were the stories about him so popular:

I quote the German historian dr. Albert Weber: It’s complicated because it is difficult to prove to what extent and on which political levels there was a propaganda campaign based on the “Dracula Stories” and at what moment the texts were turned into literary works without political agendas.

First let’s have a look at who the anonymous authors of the Dracula Stories may have been and then we can discuss the causes for their considerable cultural impact and how we historians can identify the facts. I’m summarizing here the results of my (soon to be published) PhD thesis on the biography and reception of Vlad the Impaler Draculea (1431-1476) and of the edition project Corpus Draculianum where all surviving sources on Vlad are published.

Who were the authors?

A few general assessments: As we know, Vlad the Impaler, who ruled 1448, 1456-1462 and 1476, was an extremely resilient, combative and aggressive voivode (these attributes were very much needed in the crisis of the Wallachian voivodate from 1420 – 1480, being in almost constant danger of being occupied by the Ottomans or attacked by the Hungarians who wanted to control the voivodate, turning it into a buffer region next to their border). His internal enemies (factions of noblemen/boyars) as well as external adversaries (several Hungarian factions, mostly anti-Hunyadi, among them the Transylvanian Saxons) couldn’t get rid of him. Vlad had improved the Wallachian army, now trained for high mobility and fast surprise attacks on the northern side of the Carpathian Mountains, and could strike at any time of the year. He again and again attacked the unfortified country estates and villages of his adversaries, causing huge economic damages; his army, consisting of light cavalry, was however not equipped to cause any damage to the big fortified Saxon cities like Kronstadt/Bra?ov or Hermannstadt/Sibiu, so he torched the surrounding areas.

By propagandizing these actions and the massacres he committed there as great “victories” at the courts of his overlords in Buda and Constantinople (see his letter to Matthias Corvinus from 11 February 1462 or the Ottoman Chronicles from the Sublime Porte which, in my opinion, recorded some of the voivode’s own propaganda), he advertised himself as being a strong voivode with a stable control over his country and noblemen who provided him with their best troops. Thus he tried to show that he deserved the support of his overlords, countering at the same time the complaints of his adversaries who also went to the courts. Their strategy was to provoke an intervention of the overlords by portraying Vlad as a weak voivode who was slaughtering his noblemen who in reality were of course the foundation of any medieval ruler’s power due to the lack of efficient state institutions (his strong army and annual raids questioned the plausibility of these claims that he would have impaled hundreds (!!) of boyars. The lists of the members of the voivodal councils before and after Vlad prove that actually many of his adversaries survived his rule, they were just thrown out of court).

This was very likely the beginning of the propganda campaign against Vlad and it went on for years, resulting in 1462/63 at the latest in the creation of the text which we basically know as “Stories on the voivode Dracula” in Latin, German and Russian. They portray him as “the worst tyrant” or “tyrant of tyrants” and claim that he spent his reign constantly mutilating or impaling children, women, peasants from Transylvania and Wallachia, noblemen, Turks, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Roma people etc.

Looking at this situation, there are 4 plausible but, due to the fragmentary historical tradition, hypothetical authors of the propaganda stories:

- The Transylvanian Saxons. They are the suspects no. 1 in the Romanian tradition (see beside the research literature e.g. the movie from 1979). The main argument is that the Dracula Stories are in German so the Saxons must be the authors. However, a linguistical analysis doesn’t show any substantial elements of the Saxon dialect. The texts are of southern German origin. Yes, the author (or authors) indeed knew Transylvania very well (the Saxons are correctly shown as being autonomous within the complicated political structures of the Transylvanian voivodate which was part of the kingdom of Hungary. Foreigners maybe didn’t know this.) but this is no proof: the authors could have used source materials originating from Transylvania. Regarding the fact that the oldest versions of the Dracula Stories are in Latin (see the Commentarii of Piccolomini/Pius II and the chronicle of Thomas Ebendorfer, both from 1463) and the German version is evidenced no earlier than 1466 (the Colmar manuscript), it is actually quite probable that the Stories were originally not written in German but translated from Latin.

However, we know that the Transylvanian Saxons often used Latin even in internal correspondences. They could have composed and spread the text in Transylvania and given it as a complaint to king Matthias Corvinus, Vlad’s overlord, thus protesting against Vlad’s pillaging of their estates and villages. But the complaint-theory is problematic: the Saxons were until late 1462 among the enemies of the Hunyadi family of Matthias Corvinus. They very likely perceived Vlad’s massacres among their peasants as retribution or proxy war by the Hunyadis. Therefore a complaint was useless; the king knew very well what was done to the Saxons, and anyway he didn’t need to be informed about what was going on in Transylvania, his family’s home region. But let’s look at Corvinus and the Hungarian court as suspects.

- The Hungarian court of Matthias Corvinus was until late 1462 Vlad’s ally. The voivode had supported the Hunyadi family since about 1453/54 and kept the alliance even when the ,civil war’ with the party of king Ladislaus Postumus broke out in 1457. It seems that the Hunyadis promised Vlad to marry a woman from their family to further strenghten their bond. After they got to the throne with Matthias Corvinus, they finally fulfilled their promise in 1462 and Vlad became the first Wallachian voivode to marry into the Hungarian royal family. This was a considerable success for him and the Hunyadis themselves made this alliance widely known which also turned the Ottomans against their vassal Vlad, causing their invasion of Wallachia in the same year. Regarding this connection, it seems quite unlikely that the Hunyadis would have demonized Vlad on such a level as do the Dracula Stories. They would have badly damaged their own reputation.

The reason why Vlad was imprisoned in late 1462 were not his massacres against the Transylvanian Saxons but the fact that, after losing his throne to his pro-Ottoman brother Radu the Handsome, he disregarded Matthias’ order to retreat to Hungary and tried to provoke a war between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire by attacking Radu. Matthias, who very likely had been quite satisfied with Vlad’s defensive performance against the Ottoman invasion – no Ottoman soldier reached Hungarian territory –, needed to take him out of politics but he also wanted his vassal to stay in the political reserve as a potential pro-Hungarian substitute for Radu. The accusation of high treason – Matthias sent to the European courts and to the Pope an alleged letter from Vlad to Mehmed the Conqueror where the voivode promised to support the sultan’s conquest of Hungary – was enough to ruin Vlad’s political stance among the Christian powers (Venice, the Holy See etc.). He simply didn’t need the Dracula Stories which – by the way – were totally improper for the diplomatical communication of this time. Especially the Italians, who were the most important sponsors of Hungary, had a very developed diplomatic culture which wouldn’t accept such materials as valid arguments for political decisions.

It is therefore not very likely that the Hungarian court had composed and spread the Dracula Stories. At most it would be plausible that one of the humanists at the Hungarian Court had sent the text over his semi-official channels of communication to his contacts in Germany and Italy. A suspect is of course the Hungarian chancellor and humanist János Vitez, but we’ll probably never know.

- The third plausible but also hypothetical scenario is that there was a writer who collected information about Vlad the Impaler and then composed the basic text of the Dracula Stories. It is ouf course possible that the scenarios 1 and 2 were separately or both preceding, meaning that the writer received a text written by the Saxons which was further edited and spread by the Hungarian court. German historian Christof Paulus discusses in his monography “Geschichte und Geschichten” (2020) that maybe an ecclesiastical writer composed the text and sent it through his southern German networks to his contacts in several monasteries where it was copied and finally reached in the 1480s and 1490s the German printers in Nürnberg, Bamberg, Augsburg etc. who vastly popularized the Dracula Stories. This entire scenario of course implies a mostly apolitical stance of the writers, editors and printers who did not have a closer relationship with Wallachia or Transylvania/Hungary but were merely literary or commercially interested in the topic.

- The fourth scenario was developed by me during research for my PhD: the origins of the Dracula Stories could be based on proclamations of the Wallachian opposition to Vlad. There were several different groups of anti-Vlad exiles in Transylvania but also (very likely) in Moldova and the Ottoman Empire and there also was an opposition in Wallachia itself. This geographically divided opposition could grow for years because there were very few occasions when Vlad missed making enemies. His brutal and repeated raids against the Wallachian opposition’s fiefs and estates in Hungary and in the Ottoman Empire surely strengthened the resolve to use all available means to get rid of Vlad, so the communication by texts – which saw a considerable rise in these decades – became more and more important.

The most likely genre which may have been used to circulate the anti-Vlad propaganda were the proclamations, from which we have a few contemporary examples about other personalities and conflicts (e.g. from Stephen the Great or Basarab the Young). Addressed to the political public of certain communities in the form of open letters, they had a certain broader impact and therefore could influence the targeted decision-makers. An example are the Latin and Slavonic letters from Dan the Pretender to the Saxons in Bra?ov where he describes Vlad’s massacres and asks for political and military support in order to fight him. Such proclamations could have been merged into a single text which was to be further spread, as discussed above, by political actors or by writers. That would also explain to a certain degree why the stories are such a mélange of very different groups of victims: if the Saxons wrote the stories, why are they underrepresented in it? They only make about one fourth of the victims in the episodes.

This hypothesis was so far not at all or only partially considered by the Romanian-dominated research, heavily influenced by national historiography, because it meant that “Romanians“ actually were the inventors of the Dracula Stories which damaged Vlad’s reputation so badly and long-lasting.

2) Why were the Dracula Stories so popular?

Several factors came together: extreme narratives about violence (this always sells!); the new technical possibilities by the printing press; a lack of knowledge about Wallachia and Moldova combined with a growing interest about these eastern realms due to the Ottoman expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries. The middle European public wanted to know who were the military forces to potentially stop the Ottomans, and Vlad (but also Stephen the Great in Moldova) had some resounding successes after the downfall of all other Orthodox realms in Southeastern Europe. Regarding the printing press – the Dracula Stories were printed in southern and northern Germany from 1488 until the 1560s – one of the causes were surely the expressive images of the wood engravings. The texts were short and it seems that their overall narrative of an evil feudal ruler who in the end is arrested and convicted also played a significant role (according to a recently published article by Daniel Ursprung): most readers of the Dracula Stories were probably townspeople whose communities had violent conflicts with local and regional rulers, similar like the Transylvanian Saxons against Vlad.

The printed stories were, obviously, financially quite profitable, and therefore often reprinted until the interest began to fade after 1550.

Nevertheless the stories were not the only branch of the narrative tradition that was highly successful: the positive description of Vlad’s reign by Antonio Bonfini, the Hungarian court’s chronicler in the 1480s and 1490s, was processed and popularized by Sebastian Münster in his Cosmographia with more than 50 editions starting from 1544. It presented Vlad in a positive manner as a harsh but just ruler and thus nuanced the simplistic image of the tyrant from the Dracula Stories.

3) How do historians separate the fiction and facts about Vlad the Impaler?

A very basic problem for the research is that the anti-Vlad literary works of (very likely) propagandistic origin are highly interesting and long reads. On the other side the documentary sources like deeds and letters are much more difficult to collect, understand and analyze. They provide us with historically very important and, compared to the literary works, with much more reliable informations, but they are a very fragmentary tradition. Most historians, and especially the classics from the 19th and 20th centuries who formed our modern image of Vlad, therefore prefer to work with the Dracula Stories and not with the more difficult but much more nuanced documentary sources: an analysis of our project team demonstrated that most diplomatic reports potrayed Vlad in a neutral or positive manner and only very few condemned him. There are of course nuanced reasons also for this kind of judgement – most reports were Italian and the Italians (Venetians, Milanese, Genoese etc.) didn’t care how many Transylvanian peasants or Wallachian traitors Vlad had brutally tortured and impaled but they cared if he had any impact against the Ottoman expansion which threatened Italy and Italian possessions in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Too many historians also neglected contextualizing Vlad’s biography (however, let’s not forget that many Romanian historians could not leave the country during the communist period and therefore had no access to foreign research literature and especially archives like we do. Before and after communist times the lack of funding for archival research and other factors were a problem which prohibited a revision of deficient research results. They simply did not have the necessary sources to further develop their research.). If one tries to analyze the stories isolated from their context, the results are very modest. Knowledge about the basic structures of the voivodate and its elites, about the geopolitical interests and conflicts and also about the modalities of political communication in this region are essential.

I am obviously biased when I discuss my own research but my general strategy to deal with this problem was i.a. 1) to find as many unedited documentary sources as possibile and, based on the resulted new knowledge and perspectives, 2) to fact check the narrative tradition. The result is interesting: the central texts of the anti- as well as of the pro-Vlad traditions are more fictional than factual. That further complicates the actually unanswerable question if Vlad was “good” or “bad”… In the end it is maybe this striking contrast of the sources and of the contemporary and modern reception that make Vlad so incredibly interesting and popular.

So the best advice to get closer to the ,real Dracula’: It is necessary to mostly blank out the Dracula Stories and focus on contexts, documents and also on archaeological findings.

This has been a very long answer but your question made it necessary to get deeper into the complex situation of the origins of the historical Dracula myth.

YT CORPUS DRACULIANUM: https://www.youtube.com/c/CorpusDraculianum

Best books to take your information from:

1. “Corpus Draculianum” by Adrian Gheorge, Albert Weber and Thomas M Bohn [RO/GER]
Buy link vol 1, 1.2, 3.
English review

2. “In the World of Vlad: The Lives and Times of a Warlord” by
Alexandru Simon [ENG]
Buy link 1, 2

- The life (in fact the lives) of Vlad III the Impaler or Dracula is a Rorschach test. Everybody sees what they want to see in the documentary stains . And these stains are expanding. Based on research in the archives and libraries of Budapest, Dubrovnik, Genoa, Mantua, Milan, Modena, Munich, Rome, Venice and Vienna, the book focuses on the conflictive medieval, and modern images created by the clash between the classical pictures of Vlad and the still preserved coeval sources.

3. “Vlad der Pfähler–Dracula: Tyrann oder Volkstribun?” by Thomas .M Bohn [GER]
Buy link 1
English review

4. “Vlad The Impaler: Dracula” by Stefan Andreescu [RO/ENG-rare to find]

Mentions:

I would also recomand the books of Matei Cazacu and Radu Florescu but you already need some basic knowladge about Vlad before jumping in any of them since their informations are outdated + the authors were looking for a more fantastic version of Vlad and when they didn’t find it, they created it themselves. so if you don’t have anything else better go for them but don’t believe everything in those books.
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Useful links:

https://vk.com/voivode_vlad_tepes = Almost everything I’ve posted so far is from this Russian VK group, if you understand Russian this is the place for you to go (Also this group has an impressive colection of books and Documents)

https://www.facebook.com/Documente.Vlad.Tepes = Corpus Draculianum’s oficial page, you should follow it to be up-to-date with their research

http://siebenbuergenurkundenbuch.uni-trier.de/catalog… = German site containg Vlad’s Documents

http://arhivamedievala.ro/ = Medieval Archive of Romania, here you can see Vlad’s documents digitalized (Search for “Vlad Tepes”)

https://www.facebook.com/groups/vladdocs/files = You can find some intresting books in our facebook group

__________________
Some more useful links:

Corpus Draculianum I / Romanian

The Corpus Draculianum collection brings together for the first time all sources by and about Vlad III Draculea (“the Impaler,” 1431-1476) from the period 1448 to 1650: private, diplomatic, and business correspondence, negotiation records, administrative documents, narrative and pictorial sources, as well as inscriptions, coins, and seals. Dozens of chroniclers, literati and power holders from the ruling courts from the Safavid Empire to the Iberian Peninsula, Britain and the Muscovite Empire have left relevant testimonies. The sources, written in 17 European and Oriental languages, have been critically edited and extensively annotated in two languages (original text and translation) by an interdisciplinary team of researchers. Accompanying studies open each volume to facilitate understanding and contextualization of the text collection. This is addressed to interested laymen as well as to specialists. The Corpus Draculianum sees itself as a reference work and a portal to all historical materials and scholarly tools for the study of one of the most famous figures of the late Middle Ages. Volume I/1 of the collection contains 61 letters and documents from the chancellery of Vlad the Impaler and other rulers and nobles of Wallachia. The documents, preserved in Latin, Church Slavonic, Romanian and Hungarian, are particularly close to the historical figure: the voivode himself, his allies and adversaries have their say and offer direct insights into, for example, the Ottoman conquest of southeastern Europe and the late medieval crusade movement, whose standard bearers included Vlad Draculea, feared by Muslims and Christians alike.

https://3lib.net/book/18339657/4d16f4

http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FB2EFFEF3D8043FE906BC768800BEE5E

Corpus Draculianum III / German.

The third volume of the Corpus Draculianum documents the entire Ottoman tradition on the historical Dracula figure. In numerous sources, some of which were previously unknown, Christian post-Byzantine authors have their say alongside Muslim, mostly Ottoman, authors and acquaint the reader with the “oriental” Dracula. For Vlad the Impaler was a well-known and infamous figure not only in Western and Eastern Europe, but also in Byzantine and Ottoman literature. On the basis of oral and written eyewitness accounts, which circulated in Southeastern Europe in the decades following the campaign of 1462, a unique image of the Wallachian voivode was created and handed down, which is in no way inferior to the contemporary European tradition in terms of narrative content and source value. The sources are not only made available to researchers in their entirety for the first time, but also offer themselves as worthwhile reading for readers generally interested in Dracula myths and the medieval history of Southeastern Europe. The mentions of Vlad handed down by 35 authors are reproduced by critical edition of the original texts with translation, introduction, bibliography, and commentary, thus placing the figure of Dracula in his authentic historical context in the sense of an “untouched biography.” The text-genealogical statistical systematization and chapter-by-chapter presentation of the texts with various indexes, maps, and a detailed chronology also make the edition useful as an encyclopedic reference work.

https://pdfcoffee.com/corpus-draculianum-iii-pdf-free.html
_

Stefan Andreescu - Vlad Tepes / Romanian.
https://pdfcoffee.com/stefanandreescu-vlad-tepes-pdf-free.html_

Vlad Tepes und die Sachsischen Selbstverwaltungsgebiete Siebenburgens

By Gustav Gundish in Revue roumaine d'histoire (1969)
Available for download in pdf format: http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139788

Ioan Bogdan: Documente ?i regeste privitoare la rela?iile ?arii Rumîne?ti cu Bra?ovul ?i Ungaria în secolul XV ?i XVI
Publication date 1902
Source Biblioteca Digitala a României
This work contains important letters and documents by Vlad III Drakulya and his contemporaries in Romanian language.
http://www.digibuc.ro/

Documenta Romaniae Historica. Series D. Relations between the Romanian Countries. Volume 1: 1222-1456
https://kupdf.net/…/documenta-romaniae-historica-seria…

A remarkable collection of letters, official documents etc in Latin and Romanian by Vlad III Drakulya, Janos Hunyadi and many others. 573 pages. Available for download in pdf format.

Another important collection of documents by Vlad III Drakulya, his father Vlad Dracul, his brother Radu cel Frumos and other historical figures. 687 pages. In Romanian. Available for download in pdf format.
Documenta Romaniae Historica. Seria B : Tara Româneasca. Volumul 1 : 1247-1500
https://en.calameo.com/books/000827433682e93065018

LA VICTOIRE DE VLAD L’EMPALEUR SUR LES TURCS (1462)
par NICOLAE STOICESCU, 1976, in Revue roumaine d’histoire
http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139824
Available for download in pdf format

Critical edition of Laonikos Chalkokondyle’s
“Histories” by Egenius Darkó.
Laonici Chalcocandylae Historiarum demonstrationes. Ad fidem codicum recensuit, emendavit annotationibusque criticis instruxit Eugenius Darkó
by Chalkokondyls, Laonikos, ca. 1430-ca. 1490
Publication date: 1922
Publisher: Budapestini Sumptibus Academiae litterarum hungaricae
Languages: Latin, Greek
Available for download in pdf format
https://archive.org/…/laonicichalcocan00chaluoft/mode/2up
“The Histories”, by Laonikos Chalkokondyles describes the fall of the Byzantine empire and the rise of the Ottomans. Written sometime between 1464 and 1468, it centres around the capture of Constantinople in 1453. However, it also covers many events that were happening in Eastern Europe, where the Ottomans, Hungarians and other states were vying with each other. It

gives us an account of Vlad III Drakulya too.

PÂNDELE OLTEANU
LIMBA POVESTIRILOR SLAVE DESPRE VLAD ?EPE?
Ed. Acad. R. P. R., Bucarest, 1961, 409 p.
(TALES IN SLAVIC LANGUAGE ABOUT VLAD ?EPE?)
In Revue roumaine d’histoire, 1965, Bucuresti : Editura Academiei Române.
Language: French
Pages 140-145
An old but very interesting paper, available for donwload in pdf format.
http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139764

Vlad Tepes si Naratiunile Germane si Rusesti asupra lui : Studiu critic (1896)
[Vlad Tepes and the German and Russian Narratives about Him: A Critical Study]

Author: Bogdan, Ioan (1864-1919).
Bucuresti : Editura Librariei Socecu & Comp.
Language: Romanian
Available for download in pdf format
https://upload.wikimedia.org/…/Ioan_Bogdan_-_Vlad_%C8…

The slanderous German incunabula about Vlad III Drakulya.

1) The two incunabula (“Dracole Wayda”, Nuremberg 1488, Augsburg 1494) which are obviously both based on a common original text, depict a misleading and barbaric image of the Wallachian Prince. They are two out of at least eleven further prints of this kind, which appeared on the book markets of rich German merchant towns as of 1488.

All pamphlets start with a very brief biography of Vlad III, followed by an unsystematic listing of almost 50 gruesome anecdotes from his reign.
The spreading of these historically largely made up stories is doubtlessly connected with the growing reading public’s craving for sensation.
Available for download in pdf format.
https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV023354729
and
https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV023354738

2) The Saint-Gall manuscript. A composite manuscript consisting mainly of historiographic and hagiographic content. The texts were written between 1450 and 1550, then assembled as a volume in 1573 by St. St. Gall monk Mauritius Enk.
This text is only transmitted in three other manuscripts: one at the library of Lambach Abbey in upper Austria, one at the British Library in London, and one at the Municipal Library of Colmar in France.
https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0806/283
See also Matei Cazacu, “ GESCHICHTE DRACOLE WAIDE UN INCUNABLE IMPRIMÉ A VIENNE EN 1463” , available for dowload in pdf format.
https://www.persee.fr/…/bec_0373-6237_1981_num_139_2…

https://www.academia.edu/…/Croisade_tardive_et_d%C3…

the chronicle of Antonius Bonfinius, “Historia Pannonica: Sive Hungaricarum Decades ” . Antonio Bonfini (Latin variant: Antonius Bonfinius; 1427?1502) was an Italian humanist and poet who spent the last years of his career as a court historian in Hungary. He was a secretary to King Matthias Hunyadi Corvinus and was commissioned by him to produce a work chronicling the History of Hungary. Bonfini arrived at Matthias’s court in 1486; the king assigned him this project in 1488. Under Matthias’s successor Vladislaus II, Bonfini could continue his work intermittently until 1497.
Bonfini gives in his work a lengthy description of the alleged “crimes” of the Wallachian Prince Vlad III, closely resembling the German stories. Some of the paragraphs coincide with the German pamphlets, while others are different. Bonfini apparently used a printed or manuscript version of the malicious German narratives about Drakulya which were circulating at that time.

1) Original pages of Bonfini “Rerum Hungaricarum Decades”, available at http://epa.oszk.hu/…/MKSZ_EPA00021_1984_100_04_330-373…
2) Critical edition of Bonfini’s work by I. Fogel, B. Ivanyi and L. Juhasz, Lipsiae, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Medii Recentisque Aevorum SAEC.
3) Antonii Bonfini Asculani Rerum Hungaricarum decades libris 45. comprehensae ab origine gentis ad annum 1495. Accessit index rerum locupletissimus recensuit et praefatus est d. Carolus Andreas Bel .. (1771). Available at https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_34sty47HR2EC

His monetary policy is a scarcely investigated side of the rule of Wallachian Voivode Vlad III Drakulya.
The Octavian Iliescu’s paper “Vlad l'Empaleur et le droit monétaire” gives us a very interesting insight into this topic. In “Revue roumaine

d'histoire”, 1979, Bucuresti, Editura Academiei Române.
Available for download in pdf format at http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139834

See also Matei Cazacu, “L'impact Ottoman sur le Pays Roumains et ses incidences monétaires (1452-1504). In “Revue roumaine d'histoire”, 1973, Bucuresti : Editura Academiei Române.
Available for download in pdf format at http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139807

I would like to draw attention to this interesting book about diplomatic relationships between Transylvania, Hungary, Moldova and Wallachia in the period 1468 to 1540.
It’s called “Acta et epistolae relationum Transylvaniae Hungariaeque cum Moldavia et Valachia” Volumen primum, by Veress, Endre (Budapest,1914), Publisher Kolozsvár Fontes rerum transylvanicarum, in Hungarian and Latin.
It contains important documents and letters about the last years of life of Vlad III, his death and the political events of the period.
Those interested can download it in pdf format at https://archive.org/details/actaetepistolaer01vereuoft

here are two more sources.

1) Magyar diplomacziai emlékek Mátyás király korából 1458-1490 , by Iván Nagy, Albert Nyáry, Matthias, 1877, Publisher A M. Tud. Akadémia. Avaliable for download at https://archive.org/details/magyardiplomacz00mattgoog
2) Monumenta Hungariae historica: Magyar történelmi emlékek, byTörténelmi Bizottság , Magyar Tudományos Akadémia,1875,Publisher Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. Available for download at https://archive.org/details/monumentahungar27akadgoog

I want to introduce to you the work of Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672-1750) “Rerum Italicarum scriptores ab anno aerae christianae quingentesimo ad millesimumquingentesimum” (1731), Volume 18, Publisher Mediolani : ex typographia Societatis Palatinae in Regia Curia.
Ludovico (also spelled Lodovico) Antonio Muratori was an Italian historian, notable as a leading scholar of his age. Duke Rinaldo I d'Este (1700) appointed him archivist and librarian in Modena’s Ducal library, which position he held until his death in that city. He studied sources for a history of Italy, and as a fruit of his researches there appeared the large work, “Rerum italicarum Scriptores ab anno æræ christianæ 500 ad annum 1500” (Writers on Italy, 500–1500). It was published in twenty-eight folio volumes with the assistance of the Società Palatina of Milan (Milan, 1723–51).
In Volume 18 of his massive work (18.2: Matthaei de Griffonibus “Memoriale historicum de rebus Bononiensium”: aa. 4448 a.C.-1472 d.C.), we can find a brief account of the Wallachian victories against the Ottoman forces of Mehemet II in the summer of 1462. The thrilling news of the attack on the Ottoman camp by the troups of Vlad III Drakulya were brought to Bologna by Venetian merchant’s letters. According to these reports, 40000 Turks were slained or take prisoners.
Those interested can download Muratori’s work at https://archive.org/details/rerumitalicarums271mura
See also the letter of Dominicus Balbi to Signoria di

Venetia, 28 July 1462, in Monumenta Hungariae historica: Magyar történelmi emlékek https://archive.org/details/monumentahungar31akadgoog

It might be worth checking out Teresa L. Jones’s documentary: https://www.youtube.com/user/DraculaDocumentary

The letter allegedly sent by Vlad III Drakulya Tepes, Voivode of Wallachia, to Sultan Mehmet II on 7 November 1462 and his supposed treason against Matthias Hunyadi Corvinus, in “Pii secvndi pontificis max. Commentarii rerum memorabilium, quae temporibus suis contigerunt” by Pius II, Pope, 1405-1464; Gobellinus, Joannes; Ammannati Piccolomini, Jacopo, 1422-1479; Pius II, Pope, 1405-1464. Apologia ad Martinum Mayer.
Publication date: 1584
Publisher: Romae, Ex typographia Dominici Basae
Language: Latin

Available at: https://archive.org/details/piisecvndipontif00pius

[Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464). He was born at Corsignano in the Sienese territory, Tuscany, Italy. His major work is the “Commentaries”.]

For an excellent analysis of the complex political background of this entry in Pius II work, I refere those interested to Alexandru Simon’s paper “A

Humanist’s Pontifical Playground: Pius II and Transylvania in the Days of John Dragula”, in Transylvanian Review . 2020 Supplement, Vol. 29, p35-70. 36p.
Available online at (This link usually dosen’t work but it will be the first pop up if you google “A Humanist’s Pontifical Playground Pius II and Transylvania in the Days of John Dragula”) https://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=12211249&AN=149408111&h=yxGso1dhUtosN0nJiSVsTxjOATB20ADd7awuq45SSQbuV1z7dZTj%2fxaoVXAkNGghLlrC5EYLvekc4%2f4svJpxNQ%3d%3d&crl=f&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d12211249%26AN%3d149408111
________
For Entertainment

Dracula The Engraved chest of time[ENG]:
https://b-ok.xyz/book/2711487/527db5
_

Rastignit Intre Cruci Vol 1 [RO]
https://pdfcoffee.com/rastignit-intre-cruci-volumul-1-de-vasile-lupasc-pdf-free.html

-
Vlad Tepes(1979) Blu-ray with English Subtitles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSBNR9NDf0E&t=1960s
-
A short video about Vlad [ENG Subbed]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXgfQ2Rqn3s
-
A True Story about Vlad Dracula (Short Animation with ENG subtitles)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-N4vOkdiyA&t=233s
-
Expozitie Grafica Vlad Tepes Draculea[RO]
https://www.editura-rhea.com/expozitie-grafica-vlad-tepes-draculea/_______

European sources:

1.Antonio Bonfinius (1434-1503), Rerum Ungaricum decades
2. Piccolomini Aerea Silvio (Pius II) Commentarii Rerum Memorabilium,
3. Thuroczy I.G.
4. Jean de Wavrin,
6. Wattenbach Wilhelm,
7. Cantacuzino chronicle,
8. Ciriaco of Ancona,
9. Venetian chronicle of Gasparo Zancaruolo,
10. Nicolae de Modrussa’s report (Operi Minori vol. 4, 1937, Giovanni Mercati, “Notizie varie sopra Niccolö Modrusiense”),
11. Stari srpski rodoslovi letopisi
12. George Sphrantzes and his Chronicles and memoires ,
13. Romanian warrior chronicle in Calatori straini desre tarile române, vol. 1
14. Witnesses of an Albanian slave of the Turks 1463-1464 in Relatia scavului Albanez, Columna lui Traian, Bucharest 1883, 40-41,
15. The work of the English pilgrim, William Wey.
16. The work of Pietro Tomasi (circa 1375-1458) for Venice.
17. The chronicle of Domenico Balbi (can be found in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Acta Externa, vol. 4 (Budapest, 1907),
18. Munster’s Cosmografia universalis - http://www.e-rara.ch/doi/10.3931/e-rara-8833
19. Nicolaus Olahus, Hungaria et Attila sive de originibus gentis regni Hungariae (…),
20. The report of Leonardo Botta written to Ludovico Maria Sforza Visconti,
21. Iacob Unrest, «Theologi et sacerdotis Carinthiaci, Chronicon Austriacum». Later published in «Collectio monumentorum veterum et recentium ineditorum», I (Braunschweig, Meyer, 1724),
22. All the documents in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Acta Externa.
23. Stefan cel Mare correspondence (Dan’s correspondence, Laiota’s and so on an on and on)
24. 3 variants of Slavic manuscripts
25. Various german pamphlets,
26. Beheim’s Poems, two of them,
27. St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 806, p. 4 – The St. Gall Manuscript,
28. Lambach’s manuscript.

____

Greek, post-Byzantine and Turkish sources:

1.Chalkokondyles,
2. Kritovoulos,
3. Doukas,
4. Zoras,
5. Makarios Melissenos,
6. Enveri,
7. Maali,
8. Asik Pasa zade,
9. Tursun beg,
10. Tevarih-i-Ali Osman,
11. Kivami, Idris Bitlisi,
12. Kemal pasa-zade,
13. Mehmed Nesri,
14. Ahmed Sinan Bihisti,
15. Hadidi,
16. Rustem Rasa (pseudo),
17. Mustafa Ali,
18. Koca Hyseyn,
19. Solak -zade,
20. Hoca Sa'deddin Efendi.
__

For a better understanding of those sources and MANY others read Corpus Draculianum.

#vlad the impaler#vlad tepes#history#wallachia#documents#romania#vlad dracula#vlad voda#Sources about Vlad Tepes#free book#historicaldocuments#15thcentury#dracula

27 AGO 2022
102

HIDDENROMANIA
image
Badea Câr?an (1849-1911)

Badea Câr?an made a journey on foot to Rome, and when he arrived at the city's edge after 45 days, said, "Bine te-am gasit, maica Roma" ("Pleased to meet you, mother Rome").

He wished to see Trajan's Column with his own eyes, as well as other evidences of the Latin origin of the Romanian people.

After pouring Romanian soil and wheat at the column's base, he wrapped himself in a peasant's coat (cojoc) and fell asleep at the column's base.

The next day he was awakened by a policeman who shouted in amazement, "A Dacian has fallen off the column!", as Cârtan was dressed just like the Dacians carved into the column; the event was reported in Roman newspapers and Duiliu Zamfirescu, Romanian representative in Italy.

He was a self-taught ethnic Romanian shepherd who fought for the independence of the Romanians of Transylvania (then under Hungarian rule inside Austria-Hungary), distributing Romanian-language books that he secretly brought from Romania to their villages. In all he smuggled some 200,000 books for pupils, priests, teachers and peasants; he used several routes to pass through the Fagaras Mountains.

VLADDOCS
image
1/2
Gheorghe Câr?an, a Romanian peasant from Câr?i?oara Sibiului, known as Badea Câr?an, who remained in history as a great fighter for the cause of Romanians everywhere. At a time when Romanians in Transylvania, which belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, did not enjoy more rights, Badea Câr?an used the most effective method to show that he was Romanian: he chose to distribute Romanian books in Transylvania and especially history books showing the Latin origin of the Romanian people. For 30 years, he crossed the mountains several times, carrying thousands of Romanian books in his bag, which he distributed to Romanian peasants, teachers and priests in Transylvania. Badea Câr?an arrived several times in Bucharest, where he met several people of culture, from whom he learned the history of the Romanians, including Professor Vasile Alexandrescu Urechia, president of the Cultural League of Romanians, who also helped him on several occasions with important donations of Romanian books. In Bucharest, Badea Câr?an visited the museums of the capital, the Romanian Athenaeum, the University, the Romanian Academy and met Nicolae Iorga, George Co?buc, Spiru Haret, Take Ionescu and others. Wishing to see with his own eyes the monuments that represented the testimonies of the history of the Romanian people, Badea Câr?an decided to go on foot to Rome. Thus, in January 1896 he decided to go to Italy, where he wanted to see Trajan's Column, which for him symbolised the most eloquent testimony to the Latin origin of the Romanians. But before leaving, he told Professor Vasile A. Urechia what he intended to do, receiving from him moral support, some letters of recommendation and money for the journey. On 3 January 1896, Câr?an set off for "mother Rome", as he liked to say, and in addition to a few changes of clothes and some goods, he took a handful of earth from the garden of his house and grains of wheat in his bag to offer to his ancestors at Trajan's Column. After forty-three days and after breaking four pairs of shoes, he arrived in Rome, and in front of Trajan's Column, Badea Câr?an sprinkled the Romanian earth and wheat grains as a symbolic gesture to his ancestors. Then, weary from the long journey, he lay down at the foot of the Column, where he slept until the next morning. When he woke up, he was surrounded by a crowd of curious people, and one of them, seeing the Romanian folk costume he was wearing, exclaimed in amazement: "a dac has come down from the Column". In a few days, Badea Câr?an became famous in Italy, with several newspapers writing about him and Romania. During his four weeks in Rome, he was repeatedly invited by several Italian personalities, from university professors to artists, MPs and senators, all of whom considered him "a sol of the Romanian people".

VLADDOCS
2/2

He was received in audience by the Mayor of Rome, at the Vatican by Cardinal Rampolla, by numerous members of the Italian government and even by King Umberto I, from whom he received gifts in the form of books and photographs of Trajan’s Column. Everywhere, Badea Câr?an made an admirable impression, arousing sympathy, interest and admiration for him and for Romanians in general. On 15 March he left for the country, and on 10 June 1896, while at home in Transylvania, he was arrested by Hungarian gendarmes, who confiscated his photographs of Trajan’s Column and the books he owned. He was beaten and sent to Fagara?, and one of the questions he was asked at the court was “what do you have to do with Rome and Romania? He was released after two days in prison, but the confiscated belongings were never returned to him. In August 1896, Badea Câr?an set off again, this time for Paris, and on his way to the French capital he stopped in Vienna to lodge a complaint with the Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, showing him the suffering endured by the Romanians at the hands of the Hungarian authorities. From Vienna he continued his journey through Bologna, Florence and Genoa, then through Marseille and Lyon to Paris, where Romanian students studying there took him to visit the great museums of the French capital. On 7 August 1911, Badea Câr?an died in Sinaia on his way back to Transylvania from one of his many trips to Romania and so he never saw the day of the reunification of all Romanians on the historic day of 1 December 1918. At the initiative of the Romanian Cultural League, Badea Câr?an was buried in the cemetery of Sinaia, and the following words were inscribed on his grave cross: "here sleeps Badea Câr?an, dreaming of the reunification of his nation”.

27 AGO 2022
102

HIDDENROMANIA
image
Badea Câr?an (1849-1911)

Badea Câr?an made a journey on foot to Rome, and when he arrived at the city's edge after 45 days, said, "Bine te-am gasit, maica Roma" ("Pleased to meet you, mother Rome").

He wished to see Trajan's Column with his own eyes, as well as other evidences of the Latin origin of the Romanian people.

After pouring Romanian soil and wheat at the column's base, he wrapped himself in a peasant's coat (cojoc) and fell asleep at the column's base.

VLADDOCS
image
½
Gheorghe Câr?an, a Romanian peasant from Câr?i?oara Sibiului, known as Badea Câr?an, who remained in history as a great fighter for the cause of Romanians everywhere. At a time when Romanians in Transylvania, which belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, did not enjoy more rights, Badea Câr?an used the most effective method to show that he was Romanian: he chose to distribute Romanian books in Transylvania and especially history books showing the Latin origin of the Romanian people. For 30 years, he crossed the mountains several times, carrying thousands of Romanian books in his bag, which he distributed to Romanian peasants, teachers and priests in Transylvania. Badea Câr?an arrived several times in Bucharest, where he met several people of culture, from whom he learned the history of the Romanians, including Professor Vasile Alexandrescu Urechia, president of the Cultural League of Romanians, who also helped him on several occasions with important donations of Romanian books. In Bucharest, Badea Câr?an visited the museums of the capital, the Romanian Athenaeum, the University, the Romanian Academy and met Nicolae Iorga, George Co?buc, Spiru Haret, Take Ionescu and others. Wishing to see with his own eyes the monuments that represented the testimonies of the history of the Romanian people, Badea Câr?an decided to go on foot to Rome. Thus, in January 1896 he decided to go to Italy, where he wanted to see Trajan’s Column, which for him symbolised the most eloquent testimony to the Latin origin of the Romanians. But before leaving, he told Professor Vasile A. Urechia what he intended to do, receiving from him moral support, some letters of recommendation and money for the journey. On 3 January 1896, Câr?an set off for “mother Rome”, as he liked to say, and in addition to a few changes of clothes and some goods, he took a handful of earth from the garden of his house and grains of wheat in his bag to offer to his ancestors at Trajan’s Column. After forty-three days and after breaking four pairs of shoes, he arrived in Rome, and in front of Trajan’s Column, Badea Câr?an sprinkled the Romanian earth and wheat grains as a symbolic gesture to his ancestors. Then, weary from the long journey, he lay down at the foot of the Column, where he slept until the next morning. When he woke up, he was surrounded by a crowd of curious people, and one of them, seeing the Romanian folk costume he was wearing, exclaimed in amazement: “a dac has come down from the Column”. In a few days, Badea Câr?an became famous in Italy, with several newspapers writing about him and Romania. During his four weeks in Rome, he was repeatedly invited by several Italian personalities, from university professors to artists, MPs and senators, all of whom considered him “a sol of the Romanian people”.

#romania#Badea Câr?an

26 AGO 2022
3

The TRUE strength of the Ottoman armies during the reign of Vlad Tepes

[RO video with ENG subtitles]

#vlad?epe?#history#vladdracula#vladtheimpaler#vladtepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpusdraculianum#youtube#Youtube#ottoman

25 AGO 2022
2
TikTok
TIKTOK.COM
I made a TikTok account (@Vladvoda I don’t know how this name was free), I will post there memes and cringe edits from time to time!

#vladtepes#romania#history#wallachia#dracula#tiktok

12 AGO 2022
21

New video from Corpus Draculianum
“How Did Vlad the Impaler LOOK like on the Battlefield?”
#vlad?epe?#history#vladdracula#vladtheimpaler#vladtepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpusdraculianum#youtube#Youtube

05 AGO 2022
8

My favorite artist <3

#romania#art#Youtube

04 AGO 2022
61

VLADDOCS
image
Made a meme inspired by the latest Corpus Video ????

STUCK-IN-A-ROMANIAN-WORMHOLE
When two family members get the same idea for execution but one is better than the other...got research this now.

VLADDOCS
C'mon bro It wasn’t an idea they came up with ?? , it was just the proper lawful punishment of those times in Wallachia and many other parts of the world, it had nothing to do with the person who impaled and the voievode had no saying in the punishment. Usually the punishment had to be approved by the church and a number of other groups.
How it was the case of boyar Albu
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5r-OBjMdQNo&t=4s

15 JUL 2022
7

New video from Corpus, About Vlad’s campaign in Serbia in 1476.

Enjoy!

#vlad ?epe?#history#vlad dracula#vlad the impaler#vlad tepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpus draculianum#Youtube

08 JUL 2022
6

Enjoy!

#vlad ?epe?#history#vlad dracula#vlad the impaler#vlad tepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpus draculianum#Youtube

01 JUL 2022
9

New video from Corpus, This time about Vlad’s big brother Mircea

#vlad ?epe?#Mircea II#history#vlad dracula#vlad the impaler#vlad tepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpus draculianum#Youtube#crusade#varna#1444

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