Discuss various approaches to the computational simulation of concrete and reinforced concrete structures, emphasizing the development and refinement of sophisticated constitutive laws. A primary focus is placed on establishing damage and plasticity models that can accurately capture complex material behaviors such as strain softening, microcracking, and fracture localization under different loading conditions. Researchers detail numerical techniques designed to ensure solution objectivity and mesh independence, employing strategies like regularization methods, cohesive elements, and the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM). Furthermore, several studies address multi-scale analysis and environmental degradation, including homogenization methods to link microstructural properties and specific models for time-dependent phenomena like creep, high-pressure impact, and deterioration due to fire or chloride ingress. The successful implementation of these theories is consistently validated through the comparison of numerical predictions with extensive experimental results, covering applications from material pull-out behavior to the ultimate failure of beams and slabs.
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