Shows
ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAnatomy of the Retroperitoneum and Pertinent Embryology of the GI TractAA4 Abdominal Anatomy 4
The anatomy of the retroperitoneal spaces
The second part of this podcast includes the relevant embryological development of the GI tract.. this should enhance understanding of the surgical anatomy of the abdomen
Please assist us with contributions to PATRON at :
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All gratefully acknowledged and appreciated it helps us to continue this important series
Further requests for podcast topics to be covered may be made by contacting our Production Manager Margaret Anderson at megando57@yaho...2024-10-131h 03ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastBasic Anatomy of the Peritoneal CavityAA3 The Basic Anatomy of the Peritoneal Cavity
The basics of the anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity are considered. The next podcast defines the anatomy of the retroperitoneum and the embryological development of the GI tract (and its clinical and anatomical relevance)
Please send us a small contribution for all this work so that we can continue to complete a digital podcast compilation of the entire body at
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All greatly appreciated and acknowledged
2024-08-2552 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAnatomy of the Inguinal Canal, Spermatic Cord, Scrotum and TestisThe Anatomy of the Inguinal Canal, Scrotum and Testis
AA2 Inguinal Anatomy and Inguinal Hernia Made Clear!
In this podcast the anatomy of the inguinal canal is explained as is the mechanics and development of hernia repair…
All contributions gratefully accepted for expansion and continuation of this series at:
https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
Don’t forget the new books coming out via Springer based on these podcasts which include line drawings of the anatomy explained so that you can practice and mast...2024-06-091h 04ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Abdomen : Anatomy of the Abdominal WallDesignated as Anatomy of the Abdomen 1 (AA1)
This is the first of the abdominal series after a hiatus working on our new anatomy pocket books. The first of these on the Head and Neck will be available in all bookstores early in 2025 under Springer-Verlag publications.
This podcast discusses the anatomy of the rectus abdominis and the obliques.
Best
Andrew
2024-05-0555 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Coronary Circulation and Conducting SystemSummary AT7
Anatomy of the Coronary Circulation and Conducting System
This podcast covers the coronary artery and venous anatomy and the anatomy of the conducting system including practical aspects of anomalies as they pertain to anatomy.
The next podcast is a Thoracic Quiz before we start the Anatomy of the Abdomen.
Please subscribe by patronizing our group so that we can continue through 2024.
Most grateful Please visit
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2024-01-1440 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastPicturing Bodies: The Artistry of Anatomy and the Anatomization of ArtThe second main podcast on Art and Anatomy…the story of anatomical illustration
Vesalius and Stephan van Calkar, Albinus and his resident artist Wandelaar, the Hunter brothers and their artist van Rymsdyk and the Bell brothers.
The next in this series is Exhibiting Bodies…the business of displaying the human body in the galleries and the museums
Music Birds of Norway licensed by Soundstream
2023-12-171h 09ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Heart Part 1AT6 The Anatomy of the Heart
Returned after a 4 week working break.
This podcast discusses the external and internal anatomy of the heart with consideration about how to dissect the cadaveric heart.
The next podcast includes the arterial supply and venous drainage of the heart as well as the conducting system and the anatomy of the posterior mediastinum.
Please assist us with a contribution through Patron (not Patreon!!) at:
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All co...2023-11-1252 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Pleura and LungsAlso includes the anatomy of the anterior mediastinum
The next podcast is on the Anatomy of the Heart
Please make any contributions at:
https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
Please also contact us at our work office with suggestions or for notes at megando57@yahoo.com
Best Wishes and enjoy youyr anatomy
Andrew
2023-10-0847 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Mediastinum and the DiaphragmAT4 - The Anatomy of the Mediastinum and the Diaphragm
This podcast subdivides the mediastinum explaining the clinical reasons behind such categorization. The anatomy and embryology of the diaphragm is discussed along with the genetics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
The next podcast will consider the anatomy of the lungs, pleura and bronchopulmonary segments.
Please feel free to contribute via patron at:
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So that we can continue this important podcast series.
M...2023-09-0344 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAT3 - The Thoracic Anatomy MixIn this podcast I examine the osteology of the thoracic cage and the anatomical features governing thoracotomy and minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery. It is a grab-bag of extra areas not often covered in anatomy courses.
The next podcast will include the mediastinum, the lungs, pleura and bronchomediastinal segments.
Please make a contribution to our Patron system at:
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so that we can continue this work.Any contribution (if you have appreciated this work) is greatly appreciated.
2023-07-3055 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastArt and Anatomy -Part 1 Opening BodiesAn explanation of the history of developing a curriculum on how to examine a corpse.
If you ever wanted to know how we came to form the mechanisms and order of dissection, then this podcast is for you!
Next time we will examine how dissection came to be illustrated in Art and Anatomy Part 2 -"Picturing Bodies".
Please feel free to contribute to our project so that we can continue these podcasts by visiting:
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...2023-07-191h 24ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Thoracic WallTHE ANATOMY OF THE THORACIC WALL AT2
In this podcast I discuss the anatomy of the thoracic wall, its musculature and the intercostal space as well as approaches to the intercostal nerve and its blockade.
Next time we will consider thoracotomy approaches, the thoracic apertures, suprapleural membrane, diaphragm and its embryology (as well as the anatomy of congenital diaphragmatic hernia) and the relevant osteology (thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum). If you would like to help these productions please check out our patron (not patreon) site at:
https://patron.pod...2023-07-0855 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Thorax - An IntroductionThe Anatomy of the Thorax – AT1 - An Introduction
A simple introduction to our new area of study, the anatomy of the thorax.
A brief consideration of the embryological setup for the passage of intercostal and thoracoabdominal nerves and the intercostal neurovascular bundle structure.
In the next podcast I will discuss the thoracic wall and joints as well as the anatomical approaches in thoracotomy.
If you like these podcasts on anatomy, please support us at:
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2023-06-1830 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastArt and AnatomyThis podcast introduces the covenant between anatomist and artist in the dissection of the corpse. The next 3 talks introduce this interaction in the method of dissecting a corpse (How to Open a Body), the illustration if anatomy and the museum and gallery exhibition of bodies.
Lecture 1 How to Open a Body
Lecture 2 How to Picture a Body
Lecture 3 How to Exhibit a Body
Music: Birds of Norway If the Light Fades Approved by Soundstream
If you enjoy these podcasts please support us on
...2023-05-2143 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastLower Limb Quiz (2)ALL 11 Lower Limb Quiz (2)
Here is an additional lower limb quiz for you.
Try and figure out why the answer(s) is (are) correct or false and ask yourself, what do I know about this subject and why is it important clinically?
Don’t worry! All is explained for you so that by the time you have gone through all the podcasts on the lower limb you should pretty well understand it all and recall it.
We will be creating a vade mecum (pocket...2023-05-0140 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastIn Praise of Zombies (or The Anatomy of a Monster) - The Anatomy Cupboard Episode 12A little diversion this month on the defining Medieval principle of humanity and monsters.
Music provided by Soundstripe Price to Pay (Instrumental) by Kevin Graham
If you like these diversions in anatomy please feel free to contribute at
https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
Next time I am going into a 3 lecture series of Anatomy and Art
In the meantime always enjoy your anatomy!
2023-04-1924 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastLower Limb Quiz (1)ALL 10 The Lower Limb Quiz
Includes 20 MCQ’s and short essay questions
I will do a short 10 question Lower Limb Quiz and then we shall move on to the Anatomy of the Thorax
Please continue to contribute at
https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
If you like this series and wish to assist us to continue producing fine anatomy podcasts.
We appreciate all the feedback and are honoured that this is becoming one of the most popular...2023-04-081h 00ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastVascular and Nervous Limb Homology - ALL 9A continuation of the theme of upper and lower limb homology in anatomy.
This podcast summarizes what we know about the development and the neurovascular and muscular similarities in the anatomy of the limbs.
I hope this teaching technique makes learning the practical anatomy of the limbs so much easier. I know that anatomy is not often considered in this manner but you will see that it rationalizes a lot of anatomy making it understandable, predictable and readily recalled. It is also useful for clinical examination and management.
Consider supporting us s...2023-03-2929 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastWho Killed Wirsung? (11th Episode of The Anatomy Cupboard)Who Killed Wirsung
This is the first of the episodes of The Anatomy Cupboard for 2023
Not so much a who-dunnit as a who was he!
If you like these podcasts please make a contribution at
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It will help us to produce more and to do some research!
Music by Alice in Winter Hold This Place (Instrumental provided by Soundstripe)
2023-03-0537 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Sole of the FootALL 8 The Anatomy of the Sole of the Foot
This podcast includes anatomic study of the sole of the foot as it pertains to the management of complex foot sepsis and trauma. The podcast uniquely discusses the biomechanics of foot stability from our knowledge of anatomy.
Please continue to support us at
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I will be doing a neurological summary of the lower limb and then a Lower Limb Quiz
Cheers,
A...2023-02-221h 17ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Osteology of the Leg and the TarsusALL 7 The Anatomy/Osteology of the Tibia, Fibula and Tarsus
Including the anatomy of the ankle, tibiofibular joints/syndesmosis and the surgical anatomy of mid-tarsal (Chopart) and tarso-metatarsal (Lisfranc) amputations
Music Martha Argerich Bach Capriccio
Please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
In order to make a greatly appreciated contribution and to help us continue our work.
NEXT PODCAST: The Anatomy of the Foot and Foot Stability
2023-01-2957 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the LegALL6 The Anatomy of the Leg
This includes the extensor compartment, the peroneal compartment and the superficial and deep flexor compartments.
The homology with the upper limb is discussed along with the compartmental nerves and the relevance for the clinical anatomy in a lower limb fasciotomy and required to perform a below knee amputation.
If you feel like contributing please do so at : https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
This year I am shifting to a subscriber based website given the high level...2023-01-141h 01ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastTHE ANATOMY OF THE POPLITEAL FOSSA AND THE KNEE
ALL 5 THE ANATOMY OF THE LOWER LIMB includes:
Anatomy of the Back of the Thigh
The Anatomy and Stability of the Patellofemoral Joint
Popliteal Fossa
The Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Knee including the ligaments, menisci and cruciate ligaments
Blood supply and practical aspects of Innervation and knee block
Assessing knee instability
The anatomy of Knee Arthroscopy
If you like these podcasts please visit: htt...2022-11-301h 15ANATOPOD - The Anatomy Podcast10th Episode of The Anatomy Cupboad - The Anatomy of a PygmieOn the 1699 book by Edward Tyson (1651-1708) the Anatomy of an Ourang-Outang (Sive Homo Sylvestris) and the notion of the anatomical development of humans and their distinction from other primates.
And much much more….
Soundstripe released music: Kevin Graham Price to Pay instrumental
Please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
And make a contribution. We are moving to a subscriber website in 2023 and appreciate your support and suggestions.
The Anatomy Cupboard will pick up again in February 2023
2022-11-1233 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastALL-4 The Anatomy of the HipThis podcast considers the anatomy and formation of the innominate (Hip) bone and then the surgical anatomy and approaches to the hip joint and its anatomy.
The next podcast will include the back of the thigh, the patellofemoral joint and patella and the knee.
Music by Margaret Argerich. Bach Partita in C Minor Capriccio
Please contribute to our cause to create a dedicated website by visiting:
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As always enjoy your anatomy.
Do conta...2022-10-2451 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy Podcast9th Episode The Anatomy Cupboard - What Might Have Happened if Charles Darwin Hadn’t Left Medical School?In this episode of The Anatomy Cupboard I explain why Charles Darwin left the esteemed Edinburgh Medical School in 1827. Without running into a number of other lapsed medicos he might well not have gone on his journey on The Beagle or even had an interest kindled in the science of evolution.
Music permitted by Soundstripe Enoch Yang The Dying Swan Instrumental
If you feel inclined please visit to contribute at: https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
It is much appreciated in our attempt to expand this service as a comprehensive we...2022-10-1033 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Thigh - ALL 3In this podcast there is further consideration of lower and upper limb homology.
The quadriceps, adductor and gluteal regions are considered. The discussion of the piriformis and obturator internus muscles will overlap with the podcast of the pelvis (2023).
I am in the process of converting this site into a subscriber website with anatomy, history of anatomy and The Anatomy Cupboard as separate podcasts. The site will include a lecture series on Anatomy and Art and on the History of Dissection as well as study cheat sheets and practice examinations. It is hoped that this site...2022-09-251h 01ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastTHE ANATOMY OF THE FEMORAL TRIANGLE - ALL 2Included is the anatomy of the femoral triangle and its contents
Saphenofemoral ligation and the anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction
The anatomy of the fascia lata
The Femoral artery/femoral vein and femoral nerve and femoral canal.
The anatomy of the inguinal lymph nodes
If you like this podcast please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
And make a contribution so that we can continue this important service
Martha Argerich plays Bach Partita in C Minor, BWV 826, Capriccio
...2022-08-2957 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy Podcast8th Episode of The Anatomy Cupboard - Vale Philip Larkin and How Admiral Baron Jan Gerrit van Wassenaer Bust a GutHomage to Professor Larkin, this episode discusses a little about the history of diseases of the oesophagus and of the story of Boerhaave’s syndrome.
Please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
To make a contribution if you like this podcast and do let me know what topics you may wish covered in this section on the history of anatomy.
Music: Permitted by Soundstripe: Kevin Graham – Price to Pay
2022-08-1424 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAnatomy of the Lower Limb - An Overview of Upper and Lower Limb HomologyAnatomy of the Lower Limb ALL 1 An Overview Homology with the Upper Limb (plus the osteology of the Femur)
In this podcast, the first of the lower limb I discuss the homology between the 2 limbs and we have time at the end to go over the osteology of the femur.
As I do the last part if you can take out a femur and go over the points as we discuss each area separately.
Music Martha Argerich Bach Partita in C Minor (including Capriccio)
Don’t for...2022-07-3145 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy Podcast7th Episode of The Anatomy Cupboard - Do I Have Taphophobia?This episode’s topic is: Do I Have Taphophobia?
… the fear of being buried alive!!
Music: Supplied by Soundstripe
Chelsea McGough – Reminiscence
If you like this podcast please visit: https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD and become a patron!
All greatly appreciated to expand our channel in a professional recording studio and all gratefully acknowledged..
a copy of a History of Anatomy Book sent to monthly contributors of $10 or more!
Your choice of The Book of the Cadaver (500 pp) or Syp...2022-07-1537 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastQUIZ The Anatomy of the Upper Limb -Here are 20 questions for you as multiple choice on the anatomy of the Upper Limb… see if you can pause the podcast and figure out the answers but also why the answer is either correct or incorrect…i.e. the anatomy behind the question
Distinction is 90% or more!
Good Luck!
I will see you in a couple of weeks for the Anatomy of the Lower Limb… need a break for a little while to prepare!!
In the meantime if you like these podca...2022-07-031h 03ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAnatomy of the Carpus and a Neurological Overview of the Upper LimbANATOMY OF THE CARPUS /NEUROLOGICAL OVERVIEW RECAP
Next week is the Upper Limb Quiz with answers
Please feel free to contribute at https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD so that we can continue our services and expand.
All gratefully acknowledged.
Above all enjoy your anatomy!
Music: Beethoven Moonlight Sonata III (Presto Agitato) played by the Ukrainian pianist Valentina Lisitsa.
This podcast episode will disappear in 2 weeks from the date of posting and from general availability. It will only be av...2022-06-2653 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Sad Case of the Farmer from Lewes - 6th Episode of The Anatomy CupboardIncluding the story of the tragic Pollard case and the horror of Georgian and Victorian infirmaries…..the great surgeons were the quickest, the average time for cutting the stone about one minute. The surgeon Robert Liston performed an amputation of someone’s leg in 28 seconds amputating not only the limb but also 3 of his assistant’s fingers in the process. The patient and the assistant died of sepsis 5 days later as did someone in the audience from a heart attack. It was the most mortal procedure ever performed!
Please download this podcast episode within 2 weeks as it will o...2022-06-1233 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe HandAUL 9 Anatomy of the Upper Limb 9
The anatomical structure of the hand and its layers with comparisons with the sole.
Flexor retinaculum and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Anatomy of the Median and Ulnar nerve
Dorsum of the hand
Fibrous flexor sheaths and synovial sheaths
Superficial and deep palmar vascular arches
Palmar spaces and palmar space infections
Differences in neurology between the hand and foot
If you enjoyed this podcast please assist us with contributions at https://patron.podbean.co...2022-06-031h 19ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe REMIX - An Introduction to ANATOPOD - A New Anatomy Teaching PodcastI attach the remix to the first introduction of ANATOPOD – the anatomy podcast designed to teach anatomy well
I think 18 months after the launch of ANATOPOD, the imperative and the philosophy behind teaching anatomy as well as we possibly can is as strong and as resolute as ever. I am committed to reintroducing anatomy as a relevant subject that can be recalled in a simpler way and that is contextualized for practising surgeons and clinicians.
ANATOPOD is now in 80 countries so there is a clear need.
Please visit...2022-05-2143 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastPart 2 The Anatomy of the Forearm including the Extensor CompartmentAUL 8 The Anatomy of the Forearm including the Extensor Compartment
Included the osteology of the radius and ulna.
The next podcast is on the anatomy of the wrist and the hand.
Musical interlude: Symphony No. 40 in G Minor by Wolfgang A Mozart.
Please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
If you like this podcast to support our project to improve and expand the service.
Above all continue to enjoy your anatomy and let me know how we can i...2022-05-161h 15ANATOPOD - The Anatomy Podcast5th Episode of The Anatomy Cupboard - Bring Me The Head Of Antonio ScarpaMusic by Markus Huber Hope For Tomorrow
Licensed for use by Soundstripe.
If you like these podcasts please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
to make a contribution so that we can expand our equipment and convert to an audiovisual anatomy teaching channel. All contributions greatly appreciated and acknowledged.
Please continue to enjoy your anatomy! Best Andrew
2022-04-3030 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Forearm -Part 1AUL 7
The anatomy of the flexor aspect of the arm and the cubital fossa is considered. I discuss the homologous setup of the musculature between the forearm and the leg.
Part 2 will complete the neurovascular aspects and then move to the extensor compartment.
If you can contribute please visit https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
Most grateful and continue to enjoy your anatomy!
(Music: The Second Waltz by Dmitri Shostakovich)
2022-04-2654 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Arm (and Elbow/Proximal Radioulnar Joint)This podcast is AUL (Anatomy of the Upper Limb) No. 6
The Anatomy of the Arm
This podcast discusses the anatomy of the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm along with the structure of the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints.
Music interlude: Brahms Symphony No. 3 (Allegretto)
The next podcast is on the flexor aspect of the forearm and the osteology of the radius.
If you like this podcast please assist us to improve their quality by contributing on https://patro...2022-04-1355 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Shoulder JointIncluding the Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints and operative approaches to the shoulder based upon the surgical anatomy.
If you like this podcast please visit our donation site at https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
All contributions gratefully accepted and acknowledged.
Above all enjoy your anatomy.
Next podcast on the anatomy of the arm and the elbow and superior radioulnar joints.
Music: The Surprise Symphony (No. 94) by Haydn - by the way Haydn was a good friend of John Hunter...2022-03-241h 11ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastMichelangelo’s NoseEpisode 4 of the Anatomy Cupboard
Instrumental music by Joshua Spacht
Frederic Chopin Prelude in B Minor
Licensed by Soundstripe
If you like this podcast please visit
https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
Contributions greatly appreciated and acknowledged. Best Andrew
2022-03-1628 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Genderization of Anatomy: Monism and the Theory of WomenAnatomy as an historical subject is largely the anatomy of men. Women as Biblically derivative should therefore according to this view be subservient and essentially incomplete. But that is not to decry the fact that they were special cases, ex ordine creations from men, born of Adam’s flesh and not of dust but themselves capable of bearing God. Theology struggled with this position of women who might have come into being praeter naturam (outside of Nature) man engaging in this theological twist in intercourse then with some version of himself. It was decided that anatomists should put aside su...2022-03-101h 24ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastPractical and Surgical Anatomy of the Brachial PlexusThe anatomy of the brachial plexus with an emphasis on brachial plexus injury anatomy
The first minute is the musical intro so stick with it, it is worth it
Frederic Chopin Fantaisie Impromptu in C Sharp Minor (Op.66) played by Daniil Trifonov
If you like this podcast please click on
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And contribute to our crowdfunding improving the quality of these podcasts and converting to an audiovisual channel.
All contributions greatly appreciated and acknowledged.
2022-02-2856 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the Axilla and BreastDiscussion of the boundaries and contents of the axilla and the anatomical aspects of performing an axillary lymphadenectomy and the basic and vascular anatomy of the breast
We are grateful for your support at https://www.patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
The next podcast is on the anatomy of the Brachial Plexus
Music: Tschaikowsky PI. The Waltz of the Flowers a harp arrangement by Silke Aichhorn
2022-02-201h 02ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastMy Mother’s Doll. Episode 3 The Anatomy CupboardAnother Tale from the Top Shelf
The curious case of Dr. Martin van Butchell and of the mysterious Sheldon body.
Music licensed through Soundstripe
Alice in Winter : Camargue -instrumental
2022-02-0343 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAUL2- THE ANATOMY OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLEDiscussion of the basic structure of thoracohumeral musculature and consideration of the Group 1 axio (vertebro-) scapular muscles: Trapezius, Pectoralis Minor, Levator Scapulae, Subclavius, Serratus Anterior, Rhomboids (major and minor) and the Group 3 thoracohumeral guy ropes Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi.
Anatomy and ossification of the scapula.
Please assist us with our crowdfunding to convert ANATOPOD into an audiovisual channel and to obtain better recording equipment and professional studio time.
Visit http://www.patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
Most grateful and above all…..always enjoy your a...2022-01-2256 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAnatomy of the Upper Limb - IntroductionWe begin 2022 with a discussion of the anatomy of the upper limb.
This podcast outlines how I will consider the anatomy of the upper limb and also some of the developmental and structural homology of the neurovascular arrangement of the upper and lower limbs.
At the end is a discussion of the osteology and ossification of the clavicle
Please help us with a patreon contribution at
https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
You can just copy this link into your brows...2022-01-0447 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy Cupboard - Episode 2: The Drummullan GiantThe story of John Hunter who sought the bones of the giant Charles Byrne.
Music licensed by Soundstripe
Winter in Fargo, instrumental by Alice in Winter
These vignettes from the history of anatomy are unique stories that will appear initially once a month and later in 2022 fortnightly.
I hope you enjoy them
If you are able please become a Patron member of ANATOPOD.. you can pledge as much as you like at:
https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
2021-12-2540 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastDiorama Revisited: The BodyWorlds Exhibit of Guenther von Hagens and the Artistes MacabreThis podcast discusses the BodyWorlds exhibits of Guenther von Hagens who has channelled the old 18thC impresarios of anatomical dioramas. Von Hagens has laid a new narrative of death that has insinuated the human body (in this case the plastinated body) into the public museums but not without considerable ethical controversy. It is perhaps no accident that Germany with its dark history has proved the most popular country for von Hagens’ shows. These too have spawned much of a reinvigoration of body art which also channels the movement led by Yoko Ono in the 1960’s, that morphed into the Youn...2021-12-121h 06ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastHEAD & NECK QUIZ Number 4This is the 4th and final Head and Neck Quiz
Please if you can contribute as a Patron on:
https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
We appreciate your support to improve the quality of these podcasts (with sound recording in a professional studio and for equipment) and in creation of specific vodcasts and interview casts.
Thanks so much.
This year I will complete the History of Anatomy section and then it is on to the Upper Limb!
Enjoy your anatomy!
2021-12-0847 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy Cupboard - Tales from the Top ShelfIntroducing a new segment of ANATOPOD –
These vignettes from the history of anatomy are unique stories that will appear initially once a month and later in 2022 fortnightly.
I hope you enjoy them
If you are able please become a Patron member of ANATOPOD.. you can pledge as much as you like at:
https://patron.podbean.com/ANATOPOD
It is all greatly appreciated and will assist in our crowdfunding for better equipment and professional studio time as well as to convert...2021-12-0529 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastANATOPOD _ THE FIRST ANNIVERSARYWell, on the first anniversary of launching ANATOPOD, it seems sensible to re-examine our goals.
I am heartened by the fact that there have been so many downloads across the world and not only that ANATOPOD is listened to in Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel and India but also in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Moldova, Estonia, Poland, Uruguay, the Czech Republic, Iran, Jamaica, Sudan, Taiwan and Morocco. We have learned too what is important and for many of you it has been the osteology of the skull and its f...2021-11-2124 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAnatomical Transparency: Röentgen’s Rays and the New Ways of SeeingThis podcast traces the beginnings of X-rays as the new objective medium to demonstrate the interior of the body, its latest transparency that has given way to the ultrasound, the CAT scan, the MRI and the PET scan. With each there had been a rapid public acceptance but also a social expectation of use that has seen the more complex machinery devolve into more peripheral environments somewhat at the expense of the trusted clinical examination of the patient first defined in its exactness by Boerhaave and Bichat and by Laennec’ s invention of the stethoscope.
Pho...2021-11-1559 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastHEAD & NECK QUIZ 3This is the 3rd Head and Neck Quiz
The first part of the podcast includes the questions followed by a little thinking music (Schumann's Traumerei, Kinderschenen No. 7 Scenes from Childhood) after which are the answers and their explanation.
Good Luck!
[The main theme music is Grieg's Piano Concerto in A Minor (Op 16)]
2021-11-061h 09ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastPicturing Mr. Gray‘s Dissection Method: The Invention of an IconographyBy 1858 Henry Gray (1826-1861) and his illustrator Henry Vandyke Carter (1831-1897) got together and designed Gray’s Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical. The illustrations eschewed the use of Baroque and complex imagery and made the pictures schematic and precise with in situ labelling of structures without complicated arrows and proxy labels. Very soon the book became the most famous and popular text on anatomy on both sides of the Atlantic and it has been in print ever since. Gray’s became iconic not only over its textual style but over the Carter imagery which in the latest incarnations has now been...2021-10-2344 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastPart 2 - Getting Hold of Bodies: The Genesis of the Anatomy Act and the Traffic of Corpses to the Medical SchoolsI continue with the trans-Atlantic story of the traffic of dissectable corpses, beginning with the notorious Burke and Hare scandal in England. This was soon followed by the Bishop and Williams scare which galvanized the Utilitarian Anatomy Act of 1832 proposed by Henry Warburton MP. But the Act transferred the burden of dissection onto those who died in the infirmaries, the workhouses, the almshouses and the asylums without body claim. All it did was to transfer that onus onto the indigent effectively criminalizing poverty.
Nevertheless the trade of the resurrection men (and their American equivalent, the sack-‘em-up men...2021-10-111h 08ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastHead and Neck Quiz No. 2Second Head and Neck Quiz
Musical Interlude Frederic Chopin Ballad No 1 in G minor Opus 23
Answers in Detail
2021-09-2955 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the LarynxThis podcast defines the structure of the laryngeal skeleton comprising its cartilages, joints, ligaments and membranes along with the anatomy of the cavity of the larynx and the laryngeal musculature (intrinsic and extrinsic).
Next week we will complete the Head and Neck Anatomy with the 2nd H&N Quiz and then the answers in detail.
After a small hiatus I will move on to the anatomy of the upper limb.
2021-09-1934 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastGetting Hold of Bodies: The Genesis of the Anatomy Act of 1832 and the Traffic of Corpses to the Medical SchoolsThis podcast describes the 1752 Murder Act in England and its equivalent in America along with the tough equation of body access for the dissectors: the problem of supply and demand.
With its hanging tree at Tyburn London became what the historian Alexander Andrews called “a city of gallows” just as much as Paris was marked a generation on through its Guillotine as a place of mechanistic cruelty.
The terrible state of the London infirmary is discussed and I introduce the founder of The Lancet magazine (and purported champion of the people) Thomas Wakley (1795-1862). The resp...2021-09-041h 10ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Anatomy of the PharynxThis podcast discusses the basic layered structural anatomy of the pharynx revisiting its attachment to the skull base and including the anatomical description of the 3 constrictor muscles (superior, middle and inferior - thyro- and cricopharyngeus) and the internal pharyngeal muscles (the salpingopharyngeus, the stylopharyngeus and the palatopharyngeus).
The vascular, neural and lymphatic anatomy is considered.
The next podcast is on the anatomy of the larynx.
2021-08-1435 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastSibling Rivalry in the Eighteenth Century - The Hunter Brothers and the Natural Oeconomy Part 2This is a continuation from Part 1 which placed the Hunters in their aristocratic milieu. In this podcast I discuss the different nature of the Hunterian collections as reflected by the differing personalities of William and John Hunter. The latter part of the podcast discusses the two other dissecting brothers John Bell and his younger brother Sir Charles.
2021-08-0754 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAHN 12 - Mouth and PalateThis podcast discusses the boundaries of the mouth and the musculature of the soft palate (tensor palati, levator palati, musculus uvulae, palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus).
Includes tonsillar anatomy. The anatomy of dentition is discussed.
Includes the anatomy of the tongue (papillae, extrinsic and intrinsic musculature, blood supply, lymphatics and innervation)
Basic assessment of facial embryology as it pertains to cleft lip and palate.
Basic osteology of the mandible and mandibular fracture classifications.
2021-08-011h 07ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastSibling Rivalry in the Eighteenth Century - The Hunter Brothers and Displays of the Natural OeconomyIn this podcast I introduce the Hunter brothers in their social and aristocratic milieu. The beginnings of the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy and the availability of the Parisian method of dissection is mentioned as is William’s great book The Human Gravid Uterus published in 1774 with spectacular images by Jan van Rymsdyk. John Hunter’s obsession with obtaining the body of the giant Charles O’Byrne is elucidated. Part 2 of this episode discusses the two competing Hunterian museums and the developing rift between these two men as well as the contrasting lives of two other brother anatomists, John an...2021-07-1759 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Kabinets of Curiosity: Drawing the Boundaries of the Museum SpaceIn the same way that one may think of the 16th Century as the century of dissection, so too could the 18th Century be considered the age of the museum. The anatomists along with the apothecaries and the aristocracy were establishing their mobile collections that would devolve from the Schätzkammern (the Chambers of Power) into individual anatomical collections of curiosities. These Wunderkammern (Chambers of Wonder) and Kunstschranks (Art Cupboards) included the full range of congenital malformations and foetal monstrosities on open display and were the world famous private collections of the great embalmers like Ruysch and Honoré Fragonard (1732-1...2021-06-071h 20ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAHN11: THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSESConsideration of the osteology of the nose (a recap of a prior podcast) with discussion of the conchae, the nasal septum and the quadrantic approach towards the blood and nerve supply of the lateral nose and the septum (Kiesselbach’s plexus/Little’s area),
The blood and nerve supply and the lymphatic drainage of the paranasal sinuses are discussed.
2021-06-0633 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastTHE ANATOMY OF THE ORBITIn this podcast I assess the bony orbit and its components as well as the eyelids and the nasolacrimal apparatus. Next, aspects of eye stability and then the structure of the eye and the retina. The anatomy of the extraocular muscles and their specific movements are considered as is the explanation of individual ocular palsies based on that anatomical information. There is a summary of the nerves and vessels of the orbit. For revision purposes, this podcast should be studied in association with AHN 4 : the Autonomic Nervous System of the Head and Neck.
2021-05-161h 17ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastDissection as Diorama: Frederik Ruysch and the Preservation of a SecretIn this podcast the embalming skills of Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731) are showcased. In an age where dissection was still an ephemeral event those like Ruysch and his contemporary rivals Jan von Swammerdam (1637-1680) and Louis de Bils (1624-1670) were highly prized. Ruysch went on to lead the Amsterdamer anatomy school and botany department for the next 65 years and was so renowned that when Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) died, Rusych took his place at the French Académie des Sciences.
Ruysch was a great dissector but he became equally famous for his little morality play dioramas th...2021-04-281h 13ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastVEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK: CSF DYNAMICS AND THE VENOUS SINUSES AND EMISSARY VEINSThere is discussion of the superficial and deep cerebral venous systems, one draining the cerebral hemispheres and the other more constant draining the basal ganglia and thalamus. The formation and tributaries of the internal jugular vein is discussed. Then the basic anatomy of the dural venous sinuses including details of the superior and inferior sagittal, transverse, straight, tentorial, sigmoid, occipital, basilar, superior and inferior petrosal sinuses as well as separate considerations of the design of the cerebral venous drainage.
The input and output channels of the cavernous sinus is included.
The vertebral venous plexi, emissary...2021-04-171h 21
The Pilbara KillingsThe Pilbara Killings Prologue New Jersey FestivalTHE PILBARA KILLINGS
By Saabine T. Shetlomm as read by Andrew Zbar
When Lisa Jeffries, a young Aboriginal girl from the Martu tribe is found brutally murdered in a remote Pilbara town, Detective Aidan Zimmerman is sent to investigate. Despite the viciousness of the murder there is little interest or political will to see the investigation through even though it soon becomes obvious that not all is what it seems and that Zimmerman himself is being set up.
Lisa is left with unexplained marks on her body, and with attached ancient symbols that l...2021-04-0729 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastPart 2. Dissection as Theatre: Rembrandt and the Anatomy Paintings of the Dutch Golden AgeThis podcast takes off after the first part (discussing the economic and political conditions of the Dutch provinces in the 17th Century) and considers the Anatomy Lesson paintings that are curated in Amsterdam. Two evocative portraits The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp and The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Jan Deijman executed by Rembrandt are examined on the background of his bankruptcy and the death of his beloved wife Saskia at the tender age of 30 from Tuberculosis. These paintings continued to be produced despite the charges against the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons of corruption which resulted in its eventual...2021-04-031h 39ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastTHE ARTERIAL CIRCULATION OF THE HEAD AND NECK - REMIXThis is the same as the last podcast but has intro and outro music in the remix! One of my favourite short pieces composed by Joseph Horovitz for the BBC series Rumpole of the Bailey (written by Sir John Mortimer).
2021-03-281h 01ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastARTERIAL CIRCULATION OF THE HEAD AND NECKAHN 8.
Consideration of the carotid sheath (revised) and the external carotid artery (ECA) and its individual branches, the internal carotid artery (ICA) in the neck, the component parts of the vertebral artery, the basilar artery and the Circle of Willis (anatomical and functional aspects). The significance of archetypal ECA anastomoses (maxillofacial and faciopharyngeal) are mentioned.
The next podcast is on the venous anatomy of the head and neck (including the dural venous sinuses and emissary veins).
2021-03-281h 01ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastPART 1. Dissection as Theatre: Rembrandt and the Anatomy Paintings of the Dutch Golden AgeIn this first of two podcasts I set the political and economic scene of the Netherlands as it emerged from the 80 Years War with Spain. In the period between 1600 and 1700 over one million paintings were commissioned and some of these included the so-called Anatomy Lesson Paintings of Northern Holland showing the Praelector Anatomiae (today’s equivalent of a City Chief Medical Officer or a Crown Coroner) teaching aspects of cadaveric dissection on a subject anatomicum. The genre of painting placed the surgeons and anatomists on par with the burghers and civic guardsmen who commissioned their collective portraits for posterity, at...2021-03-1953 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastANSWERS TO THE HEAD AND NECK QUIZ NUMBER 1ANSWERS, DISCUSSION AND EXPLANATION TO THE HEAD AND NECK QUIZ (No.1).
2021-03-0735 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Birth of Science and the Philosophy of Anatomy - The History of AnatomyThis podcast explains the debate in the dissecting halls during the Renaissance and beyond between Galenists and Cartesians. William Harvey (1578-1657) had developed his new experimentation as the methodology of science. Afterwards anatomy (like physics, astronomy and chemistry) needed to leave the natural philosophies and fall under the rubric of the developing sciences. Anatomy then became concerned with the expression and the understanding of Nature and left behind the metaphysicians more concerned with explaining human nature. And in so doing the grimy anatomists became scientists and arbiters of truth.
For some, the anatomy rooms were i...2021-02-2652 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastINFRATEMPORAL AND PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSAE - EXPLAINEDThis podcast describes the boundaries and approach to the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and the entry and exit chambers of the latter as well as the contents:
Includes a discussion of the maxillary artery, the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3), the muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid), the pterygopalatine ganglion and the pterygoid venous plexus.
The otic ganglion is revisited.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is also considered in this podcast.
2021-02-241h 04ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastHEAD AND NECK QUIZ NO. 1FIRST HEAD AND NECK QUIZ. Multiple Choice format.
There are 15 questions. Some questions may have multiple answers that are correct.
These questions have been posed in order to appreciate whether you understand basic areas of the Head and Neck anatomy rather than particular questions.
I will discuss the answers in a later podcast.
Good luck!
AZ
2021-02-2314 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastRevolutionizing Dissection: From Galen to VesaliusIn this podcast I discuss the milieu into which the Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) arrived. Paris lagged well behind Padua in dissection skills and Vesalius introduced the radical idea that he should dissect the body himself simultaneously as he was teaching, rather than just reading to the students aloud from the ancient textbooks. There were so many findings that were discordant with Galen that Vesalius was prompted to write a new anatomy text in 1543 [the] Fabrica Humani Corporis (The Fabric of the Human Body). Perhaps it was not surprising that the book was published in the same year...2021-02-181h 29ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastPart 2: The Anatomization of Art: Anatomic Realism and the Dissecting Habits of Leonardo and MichelangeloPart 2 of the Anatomization of Art considers how differences in the personality of Leonardo and Michelangelo influenced their ability to dissect the corpse. By the end for Leonardo there was more legend than influence from a mind whose genius Goethe (1749-1832) had written "müde sich gedacht" (had thought itself weary). The science historian George Sarton (1884-1956) wrote of Leonardo that [his] “originality was due not only to his inherent genius, to the penetration and comprehensiveness of his mind but also to his ignorance”.
But in his haze of cosmic misunderstanding, how blissful to be so ignorant!
2021-02-0946 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastBRAINSTEM NUCLEI AND THE CRANIAL NERVESANATOMY HEAD AND NECK 6
In this podcast I discuss the brain stem and its ascending/descending tract arrangement in broad terms and a bit about the nuclei such as the nucleus ambiguus and the nucleus solitarius. For those uninterested in this I would skip the first half hour.
I then go on to discuss each of the cranial nerves as they emanate from the brain stem as well as the course and branches of these nerves and individual lesions of the cranial nerves. These clinical lesions are based upon the anatomy described.
2021-02-041h 29ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastTHE ANATOMIZATION OF ART:PART 1 - THE DISSECTING HABITS OF LEONARDO AND MICHELANGELOPART 1: The Anatomization of Art: Anatomic Realism and the Dissecting Habits of Leonardo and Michelangelo
This is the next in the History of Anatomy section of ANATOPOD….
It discusses the differences between the personalities of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) and how these differences governed the use of the cadaver in the betterment of their art.
Part 1 begins the discussion on Leonardo and his world view (his Weltanschauung) as well as the inspirations to his work by the goldsmith Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455) and the archi...2021-02-021h 11ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastANATOMY AND OSTEOLOGY OF THE SKULL, THE SKULL FORAMINAE AND THE SCALPAHN 5: The basic osteology of the skull is considered along with the boundaries and division of the cranial cavity into the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae. The foraminae and their contents are discussed as are the individual bones and their ossification.
Includes: Occiptal, Temporal, Sphenoid, Parietal,Frontal, Ethmoid and the Palatine bones. The anatomy of the scalp and its neurovasculature are considered as is the temporal fossa and the Gillies approach to simple malar and zygomatic arch fracture.
The next podcast (AHN 6) discusses the Cranial Nerves and the Brainstem Nuclei.
2021-01-241h 29ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe Beginnings of Autopsy History of Anatomy (3)From the earliest record by Fra Salimbene of an autopsy in 1286, the postmortem examination became the new method of estimating the cause of death. But the rise of autopsy and its social acceptance allowed the anatomists to dissect the human body for inquisitive means. In some cases like Boniface VIII it irked the Pope so much that he issued his decretal the Detestande feritatis Bull in 1299 prohibiting the separation of bodies, which was a method used to preserve the bones of Crusaders. But other Popes like Benedict XIV very much favoured the practice of examination of the corpse in...2021-01-191h 41ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAHN 4 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE GANGLIADescription of the infrastructure of the Autonomic Nervous System of the Head and Neck
Sympathetic Nervous System and Horner's Syndrome
The Parasympathetic Nervous System Structure (Nucleus, Preganglionic pathways, ganglia, postganglionic pathways and the target tissues)
The 4 Head and Neck Ganglia (Ciliary, Submandibular, Pterygopalatine and Otic)
2021-01-071h 12ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastANATOPOD AHN 3 The Prevertebral and Scalene Muscles and the Cervical PlexusThis podcast discusses the anatomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius as well as the spinal accessory (XI) nerve. The levator scapulae, scalenii (and their relations), the other prevertebral muscles (longus colli, longus capitis and rectus capitis major) are also considered as is the subclavius. The architecture of the cervical plexus is discussed.
2020-12-2743 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ANATOMY - AN OVERVIEWThis podcast provides an overview of how anatomy became illustrated beginning with Vesalius who conducted dissections himself and who inveigled the artist Jan Stephan van Calkar to provide exquisite illustrations. With this move anatomy switched from an aural to a new visual tradition and in allowing students to perform their own dissections it democratized anatomy as it acquired a new scientific method through the simple powers of observation. Although the artist and anatomist were looking at the same thing, their imperatives differed, anatomists striving for a precision and artists embellishing their work with an individual panache. By the mid-18...2020-12-191h 31ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastThe History of Anatomy Introduction 2nd PartWe continue with the second part of the introduction to the history of anatomy and the dissection of the human cadaver. This indeed is the story of anatomy's leading protagonist, the cadaver and of its willing or unwilling dissection in the discovery of the interior of the body. In this introduction I touch on how the Renaissance spirit made its way albeit reluctantly toward the anatomists, why the artists needed to dissect bodies and what was the nature of the Vesalian revolution. The podcast series and its relevant topics are outlined. These include: A brief history of illustrating the c...2020-12-071h 06ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastANATOPOD - INTRODUCING A NEW ANATOMY PODCASTThis Podcast introduces ANATOPOD - the first podcast designed to teach anatomy to a high level. Following this introductory podcast the weekly series will move to the detailed anatomy of the Head and Neck and Neuroanatomy as well as adding podcasts on the history of anatomy and cadaveric dissection.
2020-11-2942 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastHISTORY OF DISSECTION OF THE CADAVERWe begin with an overview of the history of cadaveric dissection and the beginnings of anatomy as a discrete discipline. Since the traveling Body Worlds Show of Gunther von Hagens there has been a resurgence of public interest in the cadaver and its social impact. I outline the fascination with dissecting the human body and how I moved from life as a practicing surgeon to an anatomy tutor. This is the first introduction of a 2-part introductory podcast which chronologically outlines how the ritual of cadaveric dissection evolved and how the anatomy of the human body became illustrated. The...2020-11-2947 minANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAHN2 - THE THYROID, PARATHYROIDS, INFRAHYOID MUSCULATURE AND THE SALIVARY GLANDSThis podcast covers the infrahyoid musculature layout and the anatomy and relations of the thyroid gland and the parathyroids along with the important surgical anatomy of the recurrent and external laryngeal nerves. In the second half of this podcast the surgical anatomy and operative surgical approach to the parotid and the submandibular gland are discussed. Some of the suprahyoid muscle arrangements are considered.
2020-11-291h 44ANATOPOD - The Anatomy PodcastAHN1 Triangles, Fasciae and Spaces of the NeckThis podcast outlines the neck triangles and their boundaries, the different neck fasciae (investing layer of deep cervical, pretracheal, prevertebral, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal and pharyngobasilar) and their significance in surgery and sepsis. There is a preamble about how to approach the detailed anatomy of the head and neck by compartmentalized study. The subdivisions of the triangles are outlined with supportive images on the Facebook site Anatopod.
2020-11-231h 20