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Harry Blum

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CEO Global Network Podcast2025-07-3113 min有点豆腐 Slightly Tofu
有点豆腐 Slightly TofuVol.08 动物实验是不是「必要的恶」?从猫肾移植谈起动物实验为什么是一个在伦理和科学上都存在巨大缺陷的残酷体系? 为什么我们一边认为在老鼠身上测试的疗法对人类有效,一边又认为牠们是低等的生物,与人类有根本性的不同?本期节目我们从美国 FDA 宣布逐步取消部分动物实验和国内某大学推出猫肾移植手术培训班的热点新闻切入,探讨了人类是否有权为了延长生命而去剥削动物生命的伦理问题。我们围绕动物实验科学性的争议展开,并从不同的道德哲学框架聊了聊动物实验为何存在伦理问题。在节目后半段,我们引入了女性主义视角,追溯了女权运动与反活体解剖运动的联系,关怀伦理如何挑战传统科学中「征服与控制」的男性化视角,以及后人类哲学叙述中忽视动物主体性的「赛博格」想象。支撑着庞大动物实验产业的,不仅是科学的路径依赖,也是根植于教育制度、产业资本和既得利益集团的复杂网络。与此相伴的,还有人类无法正视身老病死自然规律的深层焦虑。甚至,其背后的动机已不再是单纯的医疗目的,而是一种超人类主义(Transhumanism)的愿景。历史以来的案例告诉我们,将动物工具化的过程,也会带来对人性尊严的轻视。这期节目并不是想全盘否定动物实验促成的科学成果,而是旨在提供一个多维度的对话,让大家重新审视动物、科学、社会与我们自身的关系。在追求知识和健康的道路上,我们能否找到一条更具同情心和智慧的道路?【时间轴】 00:00 本期话题与积极新闻:FDA 逐步取消部分动物实验 09:42 从猫肾移植手术争议,探讨动物实验的伦理边界 14:40 用医疗进步掩盖不平等:人为创造出有缺陷的身体 16:50 动物实验的伦理与科学性:两大核心争议层面 18:44 物理学领域的经典动物实验 23:12 动物实验研究人员的关爱-杀戮悖论与心理健康问题 26:58 剖析三个经典心理学实验背后的残酷与科学局限性 33:50 动物实验运用在药物开发时的方法论问题 39:20 揭示化妆品行业中残酷的德莱兹测试 (Draize test) 42:25 功利主义、权利论与德性论:不同哲学框架下的审视 53:01 女性主义视角:科学暴力与物种压迫的深层关联 58:37 动物实验背后庞大的、制度化的产业链 1:03 跨行业的共谋(畜牧业与野生动物贸易) 1:06 从动物实验到人体实验的「滑坡效应」 1:07:08 节目总结、推荐环节与下期预告播客提及的实验、著作与论文Why Are Monoclonal Antibodies the First Prime Targets for Animal-Free Testing at FDA? 介绍了美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)决定逐步淘汰用于单克隆抗体的动物试验,以及 10 个关键特性使其在 FDA 的无动物测试中具有吸引力。The massive stakes of the Trump administration’s plans to end animal testing Rachel Fobar这篇 Vox 文章深入探讨了特朗普政府在动物实验政策上看似矛盾的立场。Animal Researchers Shoulder a Psychological Burden that Animal Ethics Committees Ought to Address  M. King & H. Zohny (2022)这篇发表于《医学伦理学杂志》的文章将焦点转向了动物实验对人类研究人员的影响,如关爱-杀戮悖论(caring–killing paradox)道德创伤和同情心疲劳。Brute Science: Dilemmas of Animal Experimentation  Hugh LaFollette & Niall Shanks (2020)本书对动物实验提出了详细的伦理和科学的双重批判,挑战了动物模型能够可靠预测人类反应的核心假设,通过大量案例指出物种间的生理差异常常导致误导性甚至危险的实验结果。习得性无助 (Learned Helplessness):由心理学家马丁·塞利格曼 (Martin Seligman) 在 1960 年代提出。该实验被用来解释人类的抑郁症,但其残酷的手段和将动物模型简单类比人类复杂心理的有效性,一直备受伦理和科学上的双重批评。Trying to Cure Depression, but Inspiring Torture The New Yorker Maria Konnikova这篇《纽约客》文章重新审视了「习得性无助」实验以及在人类社会的应用。母爱剥夺实验 (Maternal Deprivation Experiments) :由心理学家哈里·哈洛 (Harry Harlow) 在 20 世纪中期进行。实验证明了接触和安抚对于灵长类动物早期发展的重要性,但对幼猴造成了严重的、不可逆的心理创伤和社交障碍。传记书籍:Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection  Deborah Blum (2002)药物成瘾实验 (Drug Addiction Experiments) :这些实验旨在研究成瘾机制,但其极端残酷性和科学性引发了巨大的伦理争议。德莱兹测试 (Draize Test):一种用于测试化妆品和化学品对眼睛和皮肤刺激性的方法,已在多国被禁止或被替代方法取代。异种移植手术 (Xenotransplantation):指将一个物种的细胞、组织或器官移植到另一个物种体内的技术,引发了严重的伦理问题,包括供体动物的巨大痛苦、跨物种疾病传播的风险,以及对生命本质的哲学挑战。Animals Used in Research Experiments Worldwide  Statista:全球范围内在科学研究和实验中使用动物的巨大规模。Ethical Considerations in Feline Renal Transplantation J. W. Yeates (2014):这篇发表于《兽医杂志》的文章深入探讨了猫肾移植手术背后复杂的伦理问题。《动物解放》(Animal Liberation) 50 周年版:由澳大利亚哲学家彼得·辛格 (Peter Singer) 创作,于 1975 年出版,被誉为现代动物权利运动的「圣经」。《动物权利研究》(The Case for Animal Rights):美国哲学家汤姆·雷根 (Tom Regan) 的经典著作,于 1983 年出版。与辛格的功利主义不同,雷根提出了基于权利的理论。《救生艇上的狗:可比的伤害和平等的内在价值》(Comparable Harm and Equal Inherent ValueThe Problem of the Dog in the Lifeboat: ):美国法学家、动物废除主义代表加里·弗兰西恩 (Gary Francione) 在这篇文章中深入探讨了辛格和雷根理论在「例外情况」(如人与动物利益冲突时)的局限性。The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research: Necessity and Justification
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