Shows
The 31000 and 4500070 Auguste MonjauvisThis last episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Auguste Monjauvis.
Today is the 6th of August 1986, and Auguste Monjauvis receives a letter.
2022-06-1811 min
The 31000 and 4500069 Jean QuadriThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Jean Quadri.
Today is a day in the seventies, today a dear friend is coming to see him.
2022-06-1811 min
The 31000 and 4500068 Charlotte DelboThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Charlotte Delbo and her book.
Today is a day in 1964, Charlotte Delbo thinks that the time has come.
Her book was ready 20 years ago, now France may be ready to read it.
2022-06-1811 min
The 31000 and 4500067 Emilia KerisitThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Emilia Kerisit.
On the first of January 1951, the trial of Ferdinand Werner begins. Emilia Kerisit is not present.
2022-06-1809 minThe 31000 and 4500066 Francis JolyThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Francis Joly and the Sanders trial.
Francis Joly hopes the Sanders trial will sentence the people who he believes sent him and his friends to Auschwitz.
2022-06-1811 minThe 31000 and 4500065 Marie Claude Vaillant CouturierThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Marie Claude Vaillant Couturier and the Nuremberg trial.
A year after her liberation from the Ravensbruck camp, Marie Claude Vaillant Couturier is on her way back to Germany, to Nuremberg. The trial is in progress, and Marie Claude is to testify.
2022-06-1821 min
The 31000 and 4500064 Rene MaquenhenThis episode of 31000 and 45000 is about Rene Maquenhen.
Rene Maquenhen takes a train back home, surprised to see so many people celebrating him.
2022-06-1810 min
The 31000 and 4500063 Georges Dudal and Fernand DevauxThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Georges Dudal and Fernand Devaux.
The Dachau camp has been freed by the american army, yet the camp is placed in quarantine for 2 weeks to fight against a new typhus epidemic. The prisoners are well fed and treated, still, Fernand Devaux and Georges Dudal decide to escape to come back home earlier.
2022-06-1814 min
The 31000 and 4500062 Pierre VendrouxThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Pierre Vendroux.
Pierre Vendroux is on his way back to France, he owes his survival to many different events. His tattoos also played a role in his survival, so did his will to survive so he could have his revenge.
2022-06-1811 min
The 31000 and 4500061 Raymond MontegutThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Raymond Montegut and the liberation of Buchenwald.
Today is the 11th of April 1945, and the Buchenwald insurrection is about to begin. Raymond Montegut, like many others, is ready. Soon, all the locks will break.
2022-06-1810 minThe 31000 and 4500060 Gabriel LejardThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Gabriel Lejard and his daughter.
Gabriel is on his way back to France, not as an enemy anymore but as a member of the reistance.
And he hopes to be reunited with his daughter soon.
2022-06-0411 minThe 31000 and 4500059 Simone AlizonThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Simone Alizon.
Simone is free, finally. She went through so much, and now she is free. But without her sister.
2022-06-0410 min
The 31000 and 4500058 Marcel CimierThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Marcel Cimier and Cap Arcona.
Marcel Cimier has survived years in Auschwitz, he has survived the death marches, and now he hopes to survive the Lubeck Bay tragedy.
2022-06-0412 minThe 31000 and 4500057 Henri MartiThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Henri Marti and the gas chambers.
Henri Marti is a free man, on his way back home. But he has a message to carry, as he is one of the few who saw the gas chambers.
2022-06-0419 min
The 31000 and 4500056 Charlotte DecockThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Charlotte Decock.
Charlotte Delbo was the woman who brought back art to the 31000, Charlotte Decock was the one who brought back taste.
2022-06-0410 minThe 31000 and 4500055 Marie Jeanne BauerThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Marie Jeanne Baueur.
On the 27th of January 1945, the Auschwitz Birkenau complex is liberated by the 60th army of the first ukrainian front.
Marie Jeanne Bauer is present; she is the last 31000 in the camp.
2022-06-0410 min
The 31000 and 4500054 Aime OboeufThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Aime Oboeuf.
The Auschwitz Birkenau complex is under evacuation, rows and rows of prisoners are moved to different places. Aime Oboeuf looks for the woman he loves, Genia Goldgicht, hoping they can escape.
2022-06-0412 min
The 31000 and 4500053 Simone SampaixThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Simone Sampaix and Raymonde Georges.
In Ravensbruck, Simone Sampaix tries to find Raymonde Georges. Back in France, the Allies are freeing the country, thanks to resistance fighters such as Pierre Georges, known as the colonel Fabien.
2022-05-2912 minThe 31000 and 4500052 Andre MontagneThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Andre Montagne and the poet.
Auschwitz Birkenau is about to evacuate, and the prisoners in the infirmaries don't know what will happen to them.
Andre Montagne is worried for him, as well as for the others, including Benjamin Fondane, a poet.
2022-05-2917 min
The 31000 and 4500051 Rene BesseThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Rene Besse and 2 bombings.
Rene Besse has witnessed 2 bombings in his life, and they each bore different meanings.
2022-05-2911 minThe 31000 and 4500050 Carmen and LuluThis episode is about Carmen, Lulu and the transfer to Ravensbruck.
Carmen and Lulu have always stayed together, from the french prisons and camps to Birkenau and Raisko. And now, they are headed to a new camp, Ravensbruck. Whatever this place is, they intend to stay together.
2022-05-2910 min
The 31000 and 4500049 Therese LamboyThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Therese Lamboy and the fate of the hungarian jews.
Therese Lamboy is apart from the other 31000. Now, after the quarantine, they are once more reunited in one block, a block where they witness the fate of the hungarian jews.
2022-05-2317 minThe 31000 and 4500048 Louis BrunetThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Louis Brunet and the cinema.
Today is a day in early 1944, a cold day. Louis Brunet may go to the cinema tonight. A cinema in Auschwitz.
2022-05-2313 min
The 31000 and 4500047 Charlotte DelboThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Charlotte Delbo and the play.
In Raisko, the 31000 have their own bed, more food, the work is less difficult.
Charlotte Delbo suddenly suggests the women prepare a play, a play by Moliere.
2022-05-1611 min
The 31000 and 4500046 Georges MarinThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Georges Marin and a belgian nurse.
In quarantine, the 45000 wait inside, sometimes they get to go in the courtyard. The courtyard is a place of executions, a sinister area.
For Georges Marin, the courtyard is an opportunnity to discuss with a belgian nurse from the adjacent block.
2022-05-1615 minThe 31000 and 4500045 The 4 RousseauThis episode of the 45000 and 31000 is about the 4 Rousseau and the quarantine.
The 45000, like the 31000, are now in quarantine. There used to be a thousand of them, it clearly isn't the case anymore.
But for now, no one dares to count.
2022-05-1610 min
The 31000 and 4500044 Germaine PicanThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Germaine Pican.
Most of the remaining 31000 are sent in quarantine. Few have survived, yet this quarantine is a chance to regain strenght. The women don't know how long they are to stay there, many look up to Germaine Pican.
2022-05-0908 min
The 31000 and 4500043 Dr Adelaide HautvalThis episode of the 45000 and 31000 is about Dr Adelaide Hautval and the medical experiments.
Nothing can justify the experiments made in Auschwitz by the so called SS doctors. Dr Adelaide Hautval is asked to help, to participate, yet this is everything she stands against.
2022-05-0920 min
The 31000 and 4500042 Suzanne Pierre.This episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Suzanne Pierre.
Against all odds, the remaining women of Birkenau are sent in quarantine once more.
Unfortunately, this may not apply to Suzanne Pierre.
2022-04-2510 min
The 31000 and 4500041 Aimee DoridatThis episode of the 45000 and 31000 is about Aimee Doridat.
Aimee Doridat had an accident and fell off a stool.
She broke her leg very badly. In such a place, how can she hope to survive such an injury?
2022-04-2511 min
The 31000 and 4500040 Louis EudierToday, Louis Eudier writes a letter, a letter from Auschwitz to France.
How could this have happened?
2022-04-2512 min
The 31000 and 4500039 Genevieve PakulaThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Genevieve Pakula and Raisko.
Genevieve Pakula is exhausted. She has emerged from a coma in the revir as she caught typhus and must get back to a kommando if she wishes to avoid a selection.
Genevieve can't hold much longer, unless a miracle happens.
And that is precisely what Raisko is.
2022-04-2011 min
The 31000 and 4500038 Danielle CasanovaThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Danielle Casanova.
Of all the 31000, Danielle Casanova is the most likely to survive. She works in a different barrack as a dentist, has her own bed and is fed well.
But the typhus is attacking at random inside the camp.
2022-04-2013 min
The 31000 and 4500037 Claudine GuerinThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Claudine Guerin.
The 31000 are women of various ages. The life conditions and hard labor are making the oldest women's survival chance less likely. But the youngest women may also have their spirits broken more easily. Fortunately, Claudine Guerin may be young yet she is well surrounded.
2022-04-0712 min
The 31000 and 4500036 David BadacheThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about David Badache.
David Badache is one of the 50 jewish men deported alongside the political prisoners. The jewish prisoners have been treated even more cruelly than the others, the nazi administration clearly aims at killing them all, David and Jules Polosecki are the only 2 who have survived the first 6 months.
And now there is a talk of a transfer from Birkenau to Auschwitz, with less difficult kommandos. Will the administration allow jewish prisoners for this transfer?
2022-04-0711 min
The 31000 and 4500035 Anne Marie OstrowskaThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Anne Maria Ostrowska.
Anne Maria Ostrowska works in the swamp kommando, an exhausting task. In the fog, she wonders if some silhouettes in the distance may be her family.
2022-04-0213 min
The 31000 and 4500034 Henriette SchmidtThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Henriette Schmidt.
Henriette Schmidt used to be a promising young communist leader. Now, because of what her husband may have done, she can't be trusted no more.
2022-04-0111 min
The 31000 and 4500033 Marcelle FuglesangThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Marcelle Fuglesang.
Such a camp shouldn't exist, it is beyond everything humanity is supposed to stand for. Marcelle Fuglesang doesn't understand why the Geneva convention doesn't apply here.
2022-03-3009 min
The 31000 and 4500032 Yvonne PicardThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Yvonne Picard.
The quarantine is over, the 31000 are scattered in work kommandos, just like the 45000 were 6 months earlier.
Yvonne Picard is in a kommando transporting bricks all day along, it becomes quickly too difficult.
2022-03-2710 min
The 31000 and 4500031 Louise LavigneThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Louise Lavigne Amand.
Some of the 31000 and the 45000 know each other, some are even related. Louise Lavigne Amand is related to 2 45000, and she is now trying to locate them.
2022-03-1911 min
The 31000 and 4500030 Josee Maria AlonsoThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Maria Alonso.
Still in quarantine, the 31000 have a glimpse of the cruelty of the camp and its lack of basic needs. Maria Alonso, one the 31000's leaders, attempt to force her way to a simple faucet yet a kapo is guarding it.
2022-03-1411 min
The 31000 and 4500029 Henriette PizzoliThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Henriette Pizzoli.
The 10th of February of 1943 is a dreadful day for the women of Birkenau. For no apparent reason, they must stand in the cold for an entire day.
Henriette Pizzoli may hold yet she is scared about her aunt Gabrielle, who may not.
2022-03-1313 min
The 31000 and 4500028 Jeanne HerveThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Jeanne Herve.
Without any explanation, the 31000 are put in quarantine rather than separated in work kommandos. The women wait, fortunately they know each other well and are a united front.
Yet Jeanne Herve and a small number of women are staying on their own. Why is that?
2022-03-0813 min
The 31000 and 4500027 Eugene GarnierThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Eugene Garnier.
The arrival of the 31000 by singing was an act of bravery, of resistance.
Eugène Garnier, a 45000, looks for a way to get in touch with them. But how to contact them if he can't reach their block?
2022-03-0814 min
The 31000 and 4500026 Louise MagadurThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Louise Magadur.
The women enter the Birkenau camp and start the process of becoming the 31000, changing, cutting their hair, shaving, tattooing.
As they don't know what to expect, they lean towards their leaders. Amongst them Louise Magadur.
2022-03-0834 min
The 31000 and 4500025 Helene HascoetThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Helene Hascoet.
The train is heading further and further into german occupied territory, until it stops in the middle of the night No one quite knows where they are are, yet some women like Helene Hascoet have heard stories from her Jewish friends. Terrifying stories.
Could those be true?
2022-02-2813 min
The 31000 and 4500024 Jeanne AlexandreThis episode of 31000/45000 is the first about the women and is about Jeanne Alexandre.
A group of women board a train. They knew they would be eventually deported, they are prepared for it, yet they expect a labor camp of Germany.
Amongst them, Jeanne Alexandre, a woman with a surprising amount of explosives at her apartment. What for?
2022-02-2809 min
The 31000 and 4500023 Roger MenielleThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Roger Menielle.
Boxing matches are organised within within camp, and tolerated by the organisation. Sometimes, prisoners fight prisoners, sometimes prisoners fight kapos. The winner gets respect, and some food, the lower gets hurt, and this can easily lead to a selection.
Today, Roger Menielle will fight, and his friend Rene Besse is worried. Will he win the fight?
2022-02-2810 min
The 31000 and 4500022 The FillouxThis episode of 31000/45000 is about the Filloux.
Some of the 45000 have been arrested at the same time, some are related. Yet it is rare to have a father, a brother and a son, all deported together, within the 45000.
2022-02-2006 min
The 31000 and 4500021 Joseph SchneiderThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Joseph Schneider.
Before his arrest, Joseph Schneider was a recent widower trying to take care of his children. As a sabotage was being prepared by members of the resistance nearby his bar, Joseph was starting to worry for his son, eager to fight the occupier.
2022-02-2010 min
The 31000 and 4500020 Roger DebarreThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Roger Debarre.
Roger Debarre know that he shouldn't enter the infirmary, or revir. But he has no choice, he can't work any longer.
There he manages to meet with his friend Jean Toussaint, who is in even poorer health.
Roger may not hold long, and he knows his fiend is about to be selected. The only hope he has left is a signet ring he managed to hide all this time. If he can hide the ring, could he hide himself?
2022-02-2013 min
The 31000 and 4500019 Rene PerraultThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Rene Perrault.
The Auschwitz Birkenau is eventually entirely surrounded with kilometers of electric fences, on top of having multiple miradors with armed shooters. This makes it a very secure zone.
Meanwhile, Rene Perrault can't hold on much longer.
2022-02-1011 min
The 31000 and 4500018 Georges VarenneThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Geoges Varenne.
Georges Varenne is a world war one veteran, a 45000 leader, always ready to help and share his food. He earned his respect by fighting during World War One, by always putting his men first.
In Birkenau, everybody respects him, even the kapos and guards.
2022-02-1011 min
The 31000 and 4500017 Jean CazorlaThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Jean Cazorla.
After months of struggling, the 45000 are slowly getting accustomed to the many damgersnof the camp. And they are starting to regroup, to help each other.
Jean Cazorla is getting a little better thanks to his friends from the international brigades. Now he wants to help.
2022-02-1013 min
The 31000 and 4500016 Georges GuinchanThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Georges Guinchan.
Every registered prisonner in the camp is assigned to a work kommando. Yet one's survival depends on the type of work kommando, and on the cruelty of your superiors. And changing kommando is a difficult and dangerous task.
Georges Guinchan is working with a monster, and he must change kommando to survive.
2022-02-0116 min
The 31000 and 4500015 Julien VilletteThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Julien Villette.
In the beginning of the 45000's stay in Auschwitz Birkenau, Julien Villette was forced to sing. It was a traumatizing event for him as well as the 45000.
2022-02-0114 min
The 31000 and 4500014 Antoine CorgiattiThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Antoine Corgiatti.
During his work kommando, Antoine Corgiatti sees a small opportunity to escape and decides to take his chance. Yet the Auschwitz Birkenau complex is not only secured, it is also lost in the middle of german occupied Poland.
How can you escape more than a thousand kilometers of occupied territory?
2022-02-0111 min
The 31000 and 4500013 Roland LebelThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Roland Lebel.
The Auschwitz Birkneau complex is large and comprises many building and areas, including infirmiraries. Roland Lebel is exhausted and decides to enter one.
Yet when the authorities have little to no regard for human life, the infirmary becomes a more dangerous place you would suspect.
2022-01-2810 min
The 31000 and 4500012 Georges ThorezThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Georges Thorez.
The 45000 have known each other for a long time, sometimes years, before arriving in the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex. Yet they are scattered, isolated and as individuals, they find themselves at the mercy of the many rules of the place.
Georges Thorez is a tall man, he's strong, but strength does not matter so much in this camp.
A year earlier, Georges Thorez celebrated Christmas with his family and a few men he was smuggling on his barge.
2022-01-2811 min
The 31000 and 4500011 Ferdinand ThiaultThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Ferdinand Thiault.
The 45000 have been scattered between Auschwitz and Birkenau, and again in many different work kommandos. They are all over the camp, separated.
The first weeks are terrifying, the prisoners struggle to follow the orders and rules, in german, in Polish, sometimes in a different language.
Ferdinand Thiault speaks many languages, as he has travelled the world with the French army. But that may not be enough in such a place.
2022-01-2809 min
The 31000 and 4500010 Robert LevillonThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Robert Levillon.
The 45000 are brought to the Birkenau camp, a few kilometers away from Auschwitz. Still under the shock of their arrival, they are now being "educated" by the guards.
Robert Levillon has lost his cane, he struggles to follow the orders. The guards are cruel, even more with the Jewish prisoners, and Robert quickly sees how the handicapped are treated.
2022-01-2817 min
The 31000 and 4500009 Jean FletcherThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Jean Fletcher, the only Scotsman in the train.
The train has stopped.
The prisoners have no idea where they are, but they have arrived in the Auschwitz Birkenau concentration and extermination complex. And they are about to have their names replaced with numbers, between 45000 and 46000.
Not only Jean Fletcher is the only scotsman amongst the 45000, he is also the only registered scotsman in Auschwitz-Birkenau. How did he get here?
2022-01-2122 min
The 31000 and 450008 Raphael ManelloThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Raphael Manello.
The train is on its second day of travel, and the prisoners realise it may be going further east than Germany, without understanding why.
Raphael Manello was in a similarly confusing situation a few years ago. In 1940, as the German army was advancing through french territory and about to win the war against France, the population panicked and ran away South. It was the exodus.
Already a prisoner back in 1940, Raphael was to be moved as well, away from the german army. But neither the prisoners nor the gu...
2022-01-1812 min
The 31000 and 450007 The undesirablesThis episode of 31000/45000 is about the undesirables.
On the 6th of July, a train of 1175 men departs from France. The destination is unknown, most of the hostages believe they are heading to Germany.
Some of the men take action, they have no intention to arrive wherever they are going, they want to escape.
2022-01-1815 min
The 31000 and 450006 Renelde LefebvreThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Renelde Lefebvre.
On the 6th of July 1942, 1175 men have been selected by the german authorities as hostages to be deported. Amongst them, Renelde Lefebvre.
Yet, a few months earlier, Renelde Lefebvre was attempting to cross the Channel and reach the United Kingdom by canoe with a few young men.
What happened?
2022-01-1817 min
The 31000 and 450005 Robert LambotteThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Robert Lambotte, a young man about to be executed for a crime he wasn't responsible for.
Because Robert is becoming a hostage, a decision coming from the german authorities, a new step in the retaliation against the communists in France.
Now, whenever a crime will be committed and no-one arrested for it, hostages like Robert Lambotte, arrested prior as communists, will be shot.
2022-01-1811 min
The 31000 and 450004 Christophe Le MeurThis episode of 31000/45000 is about Christophe Le Meur.
This is the story of a man and his sister, the moment they shared together, until they met one last time under German occupied France.
Not only Chistophe Le Meur is in jail in France for being an active communist in possession of leaflfets, but his time soon turns into an indefinite imprisonment without any further explanation.
2022-01-1808 min
The 31000 and 450003 Rene CronierThis episode of the 31000 and 45000 is about Rene Cronier.
Rene Cronier fought during the second World War. It was brief, France lost spectacularly quickly. There are many reasons why the French army lost against the German army, but for many, the communists were to blame. They didn't fight as hard as they should have, otherwise the French would have won.
In a country now switching sides and collaborating openly with the occupier, its citizen were torn. Were they supposed to follow the new laws, accept this new situation? Would they accept to give their own...
2022-01-1816 min
The 31000 and 450002 Robert PhilippotThis episode of the 31000 and the 45000 is about Robert Philippot, a french deputy.
Soviet Union was not always on the allies side. In 1939, they even made a non agression pact with Germany, the Ribbentrop Molotov pact. And yes, the molotov cocktail comes from Vyacheslav Molotov.
In France, few were warned of the upcoming pact, the french communist party was told to accept it, without much explanations. This would make the french communist party illegal.
Robert Philippot was one of those french deputy, told to accept a situation he hadn't prepared for, ordered to...
2022-01-1711 min
The 31000 and 450001 Paulin CoutelasThis is the first episode of 31000/45000, about Paulin Coutelas.
Paulin was my grand oncle, and I wanted to start this project with him, as he was at the origin of my interest.
This story happens before the deportation of Paulin, and so will the next 5 stories. This is because I must explain a few things before, give some context. The first thing to know is that France brutally and quickly lost the war against Germany in 1940. A new government was put in place, by the French authorities, and started collaborating with Germany. France was not...
2022-01-1717 min2022-01-1702 min
One Movie PunchEpisode 704 - Dune (1984)Hi everyone! Welcome back for another week of reviews here at One Movie Punch! This week, we have a mixture of film reviews for your enjoyment. On Monday, I’ll be reviewing THE RHYTHM SECTION (2020), starring the incredible Blake Lively in a potential franchise launch. On Tuesday, we’ll be picking up the first of two reviews from Jon-David, aka Mafia Hairdresser, who will be joining the podcast as a regular contributor going forward. He’ll be reviewing THE CAVE (2019) this week, an excellent companion piece to last week’s FOR SAMA (Episode #703). On Wednesday, I’ll be reviewi...
2020-02-0200 minOne Movie PunchEpisode 665 - "Hala" (2019)Hi everyone! Welcome back for our final week of reviews before we break for the holidays. It’s been a long year here at One Movie Punch, and we’ll be using the break to take the podcast in for some much-needed maintenance and return with a fresh slate of content. In the meantime, we hope you enjoy this week of content, beginning today with Streaming Sundays. Today’s feature will be from AppleTV+, who have had some major issues regarding their next feature, THE BANKER, specifically sexual abuse allegations leveled against Bernard Garrett Jr., son of...
2019-12-0800 minOne Movie PunchEpisode 661 - "Zéro M2" (2015)Hi everyone! Welcome back for another review. Today, I’ll be reviewing ZÉRO M2 (2015), an incredible short film from Matthieu Landour Engel, multimedia artist and friend of the podcast. I’ve been conversing with Mat off and on since the podcast started, first about his Instagram comics, now for his excellent short film. I was lucky to connect with him recently to discuss today’s film, and I feel privileged to review the film for all of you. And if you like what you hear today, definitely head over to batcollective.tv where you can see more of...
2019-12-0400 min