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This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyHow the pandemic began in Nature, in 5 key pointsTWiV rebuts a recent opinion piece which falsely claims that the COVID-19 pandemic began in a lab (it began in Nature). This material has been extracted from TWiV 1121. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Brianne Barker, and Jolene Ramsey Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord Server SARS-CoV-2 origin discussions previously on TWiV: TWiV 1019: Eddie Holmes on SARS-CoV-2 origins TWiV 1017: From Nature, not a lab TWiV 995: Viral origin stories TWiV 940: Eddie Holmes in on viral origins TWiV 876: Spillover m...2024-06-1055 minThis Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyLive from New York, 1k epitopes of virologyThe entire TWiV team gathers at a theatre in New York City to celebrate a milestone in science podcasting, to reminisce how they joined the show, and to play a game of TWiV Jeopardy. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, Brianne Barker, Daniel Griffin, and Angela Mingarelli Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode TWiV #1: West Nile virus TWiV #100: TWiV catches a big fish TWiV #200: Threading the NEIDL TWiV #300: So happy together TWiV #400: Harold ‘400’ Varmus, a scientist...2023-04-231h 15This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyA very model of a modern TWiVTWiV reviews models for determining correlates of neutralizing antibody protection against COVID-19, and for identifying key vector and host species that drive transmission of zoonotic pathogens. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Correlate of protection needed for COVID-19 vaccines (Nat Med) Neutralizing antibodies predict protection against symptomatic COVID-19 (Nat Med) Host and vector importance for Ross River virus (eLife) Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count (NY Times) L...2021-09-022h 08This Week in VirologyThis Week in Virology1000 hours of the sunlight of TWiVTWiV reviews a new H1N1 swine influenza virus from China with pandemic potential, Ad5 vectored SARS-CoV-2 oral vaccine candidate, Operation Warp Speed vaccine candidates, FDA guidance on vaccine approval, and answer listener email. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode New swine flu with pandemic potential (BBC, PNAS) Oral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (ClinicalOmics) Operation Warp Speed (HHS) ACTIV (NIH) Development and licensure of COVID-19 vaccines (FDA) Letters read on TWiV 634 Timestam...2020-07-022h 00This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 539: Multitudes contain meThe TWiV hosts present two potentially seminal papers, on long-distance chemoattraction of a host by a chlorovirus, and replication of a nanovirus across multiple cells in a plant. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Paul Has Measles now in German (virology blog) Chloroviruses lure hosts (J Virol) Multicellular replication in plants (eLife) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 539 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Science Picks Brianne ...2019-03-171h 41This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 451: Expectorate the unexpectedThe TWiV scientists reveal that mosquitoes transmit different West Nile virus populations with each blood meal, only to have the diversity purged in a bird host. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Driving past a milestone (TWiP 100) Debug Fresno (Verily blog) What could possibly go wrong? (TWiV 388) Chestnut blight (ProMedMail) Hypovirus molecular biology (Adv Virus Res) Mosquitoes transmit unique WNV populations (Cell Rep) Teaching science using pseudoscience Image credit Letters read on TWiV 451 Weekly Science Picks 2017-07-231h 44This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 449: The sound of non-silencingThe TWiV Council explores the finding that facial appearance affects science communication, and evidence that RNA interference confers antiviral immunity in mammalian cells. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode JMBE SciComm Issue Facial appearance affects science communication (PNAS) Your face matters to science (virology blog) RNA based antiviral immunity in mammals (Immunity) How mice say nodavirus (TWiV 245) Press release on science meeting gender disparity The Traditional Lecture is Not Dead. I Would Know – I’m A Professor (virology blog) Sound of Si...2017-07-091h 41This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 448: Mavis the Structure MavenFrom ASV 2017 in Madison, Wisconsin, the complete TWiV team speaks with Mavis Agbandje-McKenna about her career and her work solving virus structures by x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Mavis Agbandje-McKenna   Become a patron of TWiV! This episode of TWiV is sponsored by Promega Corporation.  Promega is a leader in providing innovative solutions and technical support to the life science industry. The company’s 3,500 products support scientists’ worldwide to advance their knowledge in genomics, proteomics, cellular analysis, drug discov...2017-07-021h 06This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 446: Old sins die hardThe TWiV hosts review an analysis of gender parity trends at virology conferences, and the origin and unusual pathogenesis of the 1918 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASM grant writing online course Gender parity trends at virology meetings (J Virol) Professor gender perpetuates gender gap (NBER) Next generation researchers initiative (NIH) NIH abandons grant cap (Science) Genesis and pathogenesis of 1918 H1N1 influenza virus (PNAS) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 44...2017-06-171h 52This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 441: Don't ChrY for me influenzaThe Beacons of Viral Education (aka the TWiVoners) reveal a cost of being a male mouse - the Y chromosome regulates their susceptibility to influenza virus infection. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASM Grant Writing Online Course Giant viruses not from fourth domain of life (Virology) Nuclear envelope disruption during parvovirus infection (J Virol) Nuclear deformation during SV40 infection (Nucleus) Y chromosome regulates mouse susceptibility to influenza virus (PNAS) Consomic strains (Mamm Genome) Giants among viruses (TWiV 261...2017-05-141h 59This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 440: I hardly noumeavirusNo problem being nice to Dickson in this episode, because he's absent for a discussion of a new giant virus that replicates in the cytoplasm yet transiently accesses the nucleus to bootstrap infection. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASM Microbe Noumeavirus cytoplasmic replication depends on transient nuclear access (Nat Commun) Giants among viruses (TWiV 261) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 440 Weekly Science Picks Kathy - U-M Rubik’s Cube story   #1 video   #2 video    #3 video Alan - You...2017-05-071h 59This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 439: The purloined envelopePaul Bieniasz joins the TWiV team to talk about the co-option, millions of years ago, of an endogenous retrovirus envelope protein by hominid ancestors for host defense against viral infection. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Paul Bieniasz   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASM Grant Writing Online Course Bieniasz Laboratory Julius S. Youngner, 96 Distinguished virology career of Julius S. Youngner (TWiV 373) Reconstitution of a human ERV (PNAS) Co-option of ERV envelope for host defense (eLife) Letters read on TWiV...2017-04-302h 01This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 438: Drs. TWiV go to Washington On the eve of the March for Science, the TWiV team gathers at ASM Headquarters in Washington, DC with guests Stefano and Susie to talk about the state of science communication. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit Guests: Stefano Bertuzzi and Susan Sharp Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education sci comm issue ASM Cultures Stefano Bertuzzi and the scientists' big picture (Washington Post) March for Science The March for Science (NY Times) I have always marched for science (virology...2017-04-231h 42This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 437: Kathy's new spindle virusThe TWiVsters reveal new giant viruses that argue against a fourth domain of life, and discovery of viruses in the oceanic basement. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education sci comm issue Mark Wainberg dies Giant viruses with many translation system components (Science) Viruses in the oceanic basement (mBio) 2-back test Photo by Judy Letters read on TWiV 437 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient...2017-04-161h 44This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 435: Two virus particles walk into a cellHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVome discuss the blood virome of 8,420 humans, and thoroughly geek out on a paper about the number of parental viruses in a plaque.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASM Grant Writing Course Screwworm letters Blood DNA virome of 8,240 humans (PLoS Path) Plaque co-infection frequencies (mBio) Ode to a plaque (TWiV 68) Counting viruses (Virus Watch) First animal virus plaque assay (J Exp Med) Letters read on TWiV 435 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron...2017-04-022h 00This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 434: Live long and pupateHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler The esteemed TWiVumvirate reveal the discovery of a new negative stranded RNA virus of wasps that regulates longevity and sex ratio of its parasitoid host.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASM Microbe 2017 Parasitoid wasp virus regulates sex ratio (PLoS Path) What is a contig? Image credit Letters read on TWiV 434 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe delivery service in the country. See what’s on the menu this week...2017-03-261h 45This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 433: Poops viruses and wormsHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler The lovely TWiV team explore evolution of our fecal virome, and the antiviral RNA interference response in the nematode C. elegans.  Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASM Clinical Virology Symposium Evolution of the human fecal virome (PNAS) Antiviral RNAi response in C. elegans (Curr Biol) Orsay virus (TWiV 123) Broad VSV host range (J Comp Neurol) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 433 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe delivery service...2017-03-191h 47This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 432: Conjunction junction, what's your function?Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVites discuss Zika virus seroprevalence in wild monkeys, Zika virus mRNA vaccines, and a gamete fusion protein inherited from viruses. Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Nido2017 Meeting ASMCUE Seroprevalence of Zika virus in wild monkeys and baboons (mSphere) Zika virus mRNA vaccines (paper one, paper two) Gamete fusion protein is type II viral fusogen (paper one, paper two) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 432 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ing...2017-03-121h 47This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 431: Niemann-Pick of the weakHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVirions reveal bacteriophage genes that control eukaryotic reproduction, and the biochemical basis for increased Ebolavirus glycoprotein activity during the recent outbreak.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Nido2017 Meeting ASM Microbe 2017 Mark Buller obituary RS virus pipeline (pdf) Prophage WO genes and cytoplasmic incompatibility (Nature) Vanderbilt Virology (TWiV 332) Basis for increased Ebolavirus glycoprotein activity (Cell Host Micr) Letters read on TWiV 431 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredi...2017-03-051h 58This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 430: The persistence of herpesvirusHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiX cabal discuss sexual transmission of Zika virus in mice, and how immune escape enables herpes simplex virus escape from latency.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Nido2017 Meeting ASM Clinical Virology Symposium Zika virus sexual transmission in mice (Cell Rep) Viral RNA is not infectious virus (virology blog) Methyl-phospho switch (TWiV 369) Immune escape of herpesvirus from latency (Cell Rep) Restarting lytic gene expression (J Virol) Letters read on TWiV 430 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. B...2017-02-261h 44This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 429: Zika Experimental Science TeamHost: Vincent Racaniello Guests: Katie Antony, Tom Friedrich, Emma Mohr, and David O'Connor Vincent meets with members of team ZEST at the University of Wisconsin Madison to discuss their macaque model for Zika virus pathogenesis.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Badgers Go Viral (TWiV 260) Rhesus macaque model of Zika virus infection (Nat Commun) Heterologous Zika virus protection in macaques (PLoS NTD) ZEST Data Portal This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe delivery service in the count...2017-02-191h 20This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 428: Lyse globally, protect locallyHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVsters explain how superspreader bacteriophages release intact DNA from infected cells, and the role of astrocytes in protecting the cerebellum from virus infection.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Nido2017 Meeting Superspreader bacteriophages (mBio) Astrocytes, interferon, and viral infection (JCI) Viral disruption of blood brain barrier (Trends Micro) On Warts by Lewis Thomas (pdf) Letters read on TWiV 428 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe deliv...2017-02-121h 47This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 427: It was a DURC and UV lightHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVoids discuss the March for Science, the GOF moratorium, and a classic virology paper on mapping the gene order for vesicular stomatitis virus.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode ASM 2017 election is now open - VOTE HERE ASM Election questions: Which positions are we voting for? What is the ASM Board of Directors? Organization Chart What is the Council on Microbial Sciences? Organization Chart FAQs Scientists' march is bad idea (NY Times) GOF moratorium lifted (Archived White House) VSV ge...2017-02-051h 38This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 426: I'm Axl, and I'll be your cervid todayHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The sages of TWiV explain how chronic wasting disease of cervids could be caused by spontaneous misfolding of prion protein, and the role of the membrane protein Axl in Zika virus entry into cells.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Register for ASV 2017 ASM 2017 election is now open - VOTE HERE ASM Election questions: Which positions are we voting for? What is the ASM Board of Directors? Organization Chart What is the Council on Microbial Sciences? Organization Chart FAQs S...2017-01-291h 49This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 425: All picornaviruses, all the timeHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVaniellos discuss a thermostable poliovirus empty capsid vaccine, and two cell genes that act as a switch between entry and clearance of picornavirus infection.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Register for ASV 2017 ASM-ASV Conference on Interplay of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens XKCD #242 Thermostable poliovirus empty capsid vaccine (PLoS Path) Switch between viral entry and clearance (Nature) Glass poliovirus by Jason Roberts Letters read on TWiV 425 This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is...2017-01-221h 47This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 423: Dry, well formed, and light brownHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Jared Rice The TWiV academia discuss induction of diarrhea by the capsid protein of an astrovirus, and association of a fungal RNA virus with white-nose syndrome of North American bats.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Register for ASV 2017 ASM-ASV Conference on Interplay of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens Astrovirus capsid protein induces diarrhea (mBio) Fungal virus associated with white-nose syndrome (PLoS Path) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 423 Weekly Science Picks Alan - GPS vi...2017-01-081h 49This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 422: Watching the icosahedron dropHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVestigators wrap up 2016 with a discussion of the year's ten compelling virology stories.   Become a patron of TWiV! Should auld infections be forgotAnd never T-cells primed?Will cross-reacting antigensProtect the host next time? Links for this episode Register for ASV 2017 ASM-ASV Conference on Interplay of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens Ten virology stories from 2016 Zika virus (first covered in 2015, TWiV 368) Ebolavirus Eukaryotic genes in Wolbachia phage (TWiV 412) Harold "400" Varmus (TWiV 400) and many other gues...2017-01-011h 56This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 420: Orthogonal vectorsHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV gurus describe how to use an orthogonal translation system to produce infectious but replication-incompetent influenza vaccines.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Register for ASV 2017 Local Zika virus transmission in Texas Texaszika.org Local dengue virus transmission in Texas (EID) No more Zika virus transmission in Florida (FL DOH) Dengue virus antibodies enhance Zika virus infection (Clin Trans Imm) Infectious, replication incompetent influenza virus vaccine (Science) Pyrrolysl-tRNA synthetase (Biochem Biophys Acta) History of nonsense suppression ...2016-12-181h 55This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 418: Of mice and MERSHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVsters describe a new animal model for MERS coronavirus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, produced by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the mouse gene encoding an ortholog of the virus receptor. Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode New mouse model for MERS (Nat Micro) RNA-guided genome engineering (Science) Photo by Finny Letters read on TWiV 418 This episode is brought to you by CuriosityStream, a subscription streaming service that offers over 1,400 documentaries and non­fiction series from the world's best filmmake...2016-12-041h 44This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 416: Scattered seeds dormantHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The multi-dimensional TWiV-brane bring you the entries in the haiku/limerick contest, and explain how a giant virus infects a host within another host (it has to do with predators!). Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Predators allow virus infection of endosymbiont (PNAS) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 416 This episode is brought to you by CuriosityStream, a subscription streaming service that offers over 1,400 documentaries and non­fiction series from the world's best filmmakers. Get unlimited access start...2016-11-202h 06This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 412: WO, open the borders and rig the infectionHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Mark Fuccio The TWiVome reveal the first eukaryotic genes found in a bacteriophage of Wolbachia, and how DNA tumor virus oncogenes antagonize sensing of cytoplasmic DNA by the cell.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Zika virus in vaginal secretions (EID) Zika virus in semen (EID) Eukaryotic genes in a bacteriophage (Nat Commun) Seth Bordenstein on TWiV 332 DNA tumor virus oncogenes antagonize cGAS-STING (Science) Letters read on TWiV 412 This episode is brought to you by CuriosityStr...2016-10-232h 01This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 410: Hurricane Zika Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guests: Sharon Isern and Scott Michael Sharon and Scott join the TWiV team to talk about their work on dengue antibody-dependent enhancement of Zika virus infection, and identifying the virus in mosquitoes from Miami.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Live at Florida Gulf Coast University (TWiV #111) Florida DOH Daily Zika Update Regional Zika update, Americas (PAHO, WHO) NJ Zika Bill Dengue virus antibodies enhance Zika virus infection (bioRxiv) First detection of Zika virus in Brazilian A. aegyptii (Mem Inst Os...2016-10-092h 00This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 406: Pow, right in the enteroids!Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV team discussed eye infections caused by Zika virus, failure of Culex mosquitoes to transmit the virus, and replication of norovirus in stem cell derived enteroids.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Florida DOH daily Zika update Congress fails again on Zika (NY Times) Culex pipiens does not support Zika virus replication (EID) Zika virus in the eye (Cell Rep) Norovirus replication in enteroids (Science) Norovirus replication in B cells (TWiV 312) Baylor press release Norovirus replication i...2016-09-111h 37This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 404: Not foundHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit From the twiVivants, follow up on FluMist and Zoster vaccines, Zika virus update, and isolation of a multicomponent animal virus from mosquitoes.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode FluMist problem (FDA) DA Henderson obituary (NY Times) DA Henderson, smallpox eradicator (TWiV Special) Efficacy of VZV vaccine (Ther Adv Vaccines) Zika virus burden, Puerto Rico (JAMA) Zika virus in Miami Beach (STAT) Congenital brain anomalies and Zika virus (Radiology) Congenital Zika syndrome with arthrogryposis (BMJ) Multicomponent animal virus from mosquitoes (Cell Ho...2016-08-282h 06This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 403: It's not easy being vaccineHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit The TWiV team takes on an experimental plant-based poliovirus vaccine, contradictory findings on the efficacy of Flumist, waning protection conferred by Zostavax, a new adjuvanted subunit zoster vaccine.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Tribunal orders release of PACE trial data (Valerie Eliot Smith) Our request for PACE trial data (virology blog) GM mosquito release on ballot (NPR) Florida Keys Mosquito Control District on TWiV #111 Cold chain and virus free plant based polio vaccine (Plant Biotechnol J) Disappointing flu vaccine effectiveness ...2016-08-211h 36This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 402: The plight of the bumblebeeHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit Polio returns to Nigeria, Zika virus spreads in Miami, and virus infection of plants attracts bumblebees for pollination, from the virus gentlepeople at TWiV.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Marian Horzinek, 80 (ProMedMail) Polio in Nigeria (Atlantic, Stat, ProMedMail) Zika virus spreads in Miami (NYTimes) More Zika virus vaccines (Science) Back to work on Zika, Congress ! (Asbury Park Press) Lack of funding will stymie Zika vaccines (Wash Examiner) FDA OK on genetically modified mosquitoes (FDA) CMV attracts aphid vectors (TWi...2016-08-141h 57This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 401: Vector victoriousHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Zika virus spreads in the USA, a Zika virus DNA vaccine goes into phase I trials, and how mosquito bites enhance virus replication and disease, from the friendly TWiFolk Vincent, Dickson, Alan, and Kathy.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Beverly Griffin, 86 (1  2  3) Zika virus in the US (CDC) Zika virus spreading in Miami (CDC) Zika virus in Florida (NY Times) NIH begins phase I trial of Zika virus DNA vaccine (NIAID) Mosquito salive enhances West Nile replication in mice (J Virol) Mosqui...2016-08-071h 58This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 400: Harold '400' Varmus, a scientist for all seasonsHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Harold Varmus The TWiV team is together in New York City for a conversation with Nobel Laureate Harold Varmus about his remarkable career in science.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Varmus Laboratory Varmus and Kandel on Charlie Rose (transcript) Rescuing biomedical research Letters read on TWiV 400 Video of this episode at YouTube This episode is sponsored by CuriosityStream. Get two months free when you sign up at curiositystream.com/microbe and use the prom...2016-07-312h 19This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 395: The cancer thiefHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Stephen J. Russell From ASV 2016 at Virginia Tech, Vincent, Rich and Kathy speak with Stephen Russell about his career and his work on oncolytic virotherapy - using viruses to treat cancers.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Hokies go viral (TWiV 285) MV NIS de Myelo (TWiV 298) Remission of disseminated myeloma after MV treatment (Mayo Clin Proc) miRNA detargeting (J Virol) Video of this episode at YouTube This episode is sponsored by CuriosityStream. Get two months free when you ...2016-06-261h 00This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 394: Cards in a handHosts: Vincent Racaniello and Alan Dove Guest: Erica Ollmann Saphire Vincent and Alan speak with Erica about her career and her work on understanding the functions of proteins of Ebolaviruses, Marburg virus, and other hemorrhagic fever viruses, at ASM Microbe 2016 in Boston, MA.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Structure of antibodies bound to Ebola virus glycoprotein (PNAS) Structure of cross-reactive filovirus antibody (Cell) Multiple functions of Ebola virus VP40 protein (Cell) View video of this episode on YouTube Letters read on TWiV 394 This episode is spo...2016-06-191h 29This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 393: Lovers and liversHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVerati revisit possible sexual transmission of Zika virus, and reveal how a cell protein that allows hepatitis C virus replication in cell culture enhances vitamin E mediated protection against lipid peroxidation.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Late sexual transmission of Zika virus (Lancet) Zika virus disease in US (CDC) Zika virus lab accident (ABC News) Mosquito eradication (virology blog) Florida mosquito control (TWiV 111) How tequila mosquito (TWiV 178) SEC14L2 allows HCV replication in cell culture (Nat...2016-06-121h 34This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 382: Everyone's a little bit viralHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove and Kathy Spindler Guests: Nels Elde and Edward Chuong Nels and Ed join the TWiV team to talk about their observation that regulation of the human interferon response depends on regulatory sequences that were co-opted millions of years ago from endogenous retroviruses.   Links for this episode Endogenous retroviruses and regulation of innate immunity (Science) Placenta is viral (Nature) An ERV that maintains pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (TWiV 279) Letters read on TWiV 382 This episode is sponsored by ASM Agar Art Contest and ASV 2...2016-03-271h 53This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 372: Latent viral tendenciesHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV-osphere introduces influenza D virus, virus-like particles encoded in the wasp genome which protect its eggs from caterpillar immunity, and a cytomegalovirus protein counters a host restriction protein that prevents establishment of latency.   Links for this episode Ebolavirus update (ProMedMail) Influenza D virus (mBio) Vincent's influenza C virus paper (J Virol) Virus-like particles protect wasp eggs (Sci Adv) CMV protein foils cell defense against latency (Sci Adv) Image credit: Mark Letters read on TWiV 372 This episode is sponsored by ASM Grant Writing Webinar...2016-01-172h 04This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 370: Ten out of 15Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVomics review ten captivating virology stories from 2015. Ten virology stories from 2015 Recoding to make vaccines and study viral functions: TWiV 351: The dengue codeTWiV 362: Gotta catch ’em all and new paper Defining the virome: TWiV 365: Blood, feuds, and a foodborne disease, TWiV 362: Gotta catch ’em all, TWiV 356: Got viruses?, TWiV 355: Baby’s first virome, TWiV 342: Public epitope #1, TWiV 323: A skid loader full of viromes Ebola outbreak wanes, vaccines tested, persistence noted: TWiV 361: Zombie viruses on the loose, TWiV 349: One ring to vaccinate them all, TWiV 341: Ebolavirus ex...2016-01-031h 49This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 367: Two sides to a CoyneHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guests: Carolyn Coyne and Coyne Drummond Two Coynes join the TWiV overlords to explain their three-dimensional culture model of polarized intestinal cells for studying enterovirus infection.   Links for this episode Carolyn and placentas on TWiV 193 Three-dimensional cell culture model (mSphere) Bioreactor video (JoVE) Neurovirologist Richard T. Johnson, 84 (Hopkins and virology blog) Tardigrade HGT disputed (BioRxiv) Exaptation of archaeal virus capsid protein from Cas4 (Biol Dir) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 367 This episode is sponsored by ASM Microbe...2015-12-131h 48This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 365: Blood, feuds, and a foodborne diseaseHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler For a TWiV Thanksgiving, Vincent, Alan, and Kathy trace the feud over genome editing, a new virus discovered in human blood, and the origins of hepatitis A virus. Links for this episode Battle over genome editing (Wired) 10:05 First description of CRISPR in E. coli (J Bacteriol) 14:00 Cas genes identified (Mol Micro) 14:20 CRISPR-Cas provides immunity to bacterial viruses (Science) 15:35 Cas9-crRNA complex mediates DNA cleavage (PNAS) 16:55 Dual RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in bacterial immunity (Science) 17:50 Genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas (Science) 18:50 Cpf1 endonuclease (Cell) 23:10 Classification of CRISPR/Cas systems (Nat Rev Mic...2015-11-291h 49This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 364: It's not SARS 2.0Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guests: Ralph Baric and Vineet Menachery Vincent, Rich, and Kathy speak with Ralph and Vineet about their research on the potential of SARS-like bat coronaviruses  to infect human cells and cause disease in mice.   Links for this episode Zoonotic potential of SARS-like bat viruses (Nature) SARS-CoV susceptibility loci via collaborative cross (PLoS Genetics) 47:00, 57:25 Ebright and Wain-Hobson quotes (Nature) 1:17:20 Misleading press release (UNC) 1:24:45 Super powerful SARS 2.0 (not!) (Motherboard) SARS-like bat virus can jump without mutating (not!) (Daily Mail) 1:26:30 Photo credit Letters read on TWiV 364 1:47:40 Thi...2015-11-222h 10This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 357: Mistletoe on the Tree of LifeHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Jens Kuhn Jens joins the TWiVomics to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of viral taxonomy, including its history and evolution, how viruses are ordered, and why T. rex was classified without having a living isolate.   Links for this episode Jens' previous TWiV (283) 5:15 International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) 27:50 ICTV 9th Report 32:55 Classifying viruses by capsid architecture (Curr Opin Virol) 1:43:00 Image credit Letters read on TWiV 357 10:55, 1:55:40 Timestamps by Jennifer. Thanks! Weekly Science Picks 56:30, 2:07:15 Alan - Th...2015-10-042h 17This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 355: Baby's first viromeHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV team considers the effect of a Leishmaniavirus on the efficacy of drug treatment, and the human fecal virome and microbiome in twins during early infancy. Links for this episode Announcing mSphere 5:50 Leishmania virus influences drug outcome (paper 1, paper 2) 25:15 Human gut virome and microbiome in infants (Nat Med) 46:00 Multiple displacement amplification (Wiki) 46:00 Virome of adult twins (Nature) 49:15 Illumination by Kevin Folta 1:31:00 Folta story at RetractionWatch 1:41:40 Image credit Letters read on TWiV 355 9:40, 1:20:30 This episode is sponsored by ASMGAP 5:00 Timestamps by Jennifer. Thanks...2015-09-201h 57This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 354: The cat in the HAARTHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The esteemed doctors of TWiV review a new giant virus recovered from the Siberian permafrost, why influenza virus gain of function experiments are valuable, and feline immunodeficiency virus.  Links for this episode Non-viral proteins in vaccinia virus particles (Arch Virol) 8:15 Thing a week (Jonathan Coulton, downloads) 23:20 Immortal Life pornographic? Not! (HuffPost) 25:25 Mollivirus sibericum (PNAS) 27:00 Don't worry about Frankenvirus (WashPost) 27:10 We need flu GOF research (article, Wisc State J, Science) 40:35 Isolation of FIV (Science) 50:20 FIV at Cornell Vet 1:06:25 FIV latency (Retrovirol) 1:08:00 FIV-receptor interactions (Curr Op Virol) 1:08:45 ...2015-09-132h 00This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 353: STING and the antiviral policeHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVniacs discuss twenty-eight years of poliovirus shedding by an immunodeficient patient, and packaging of the innate cytoplasmic signaling molecule cyclic GMP-AMP in virus particles. Links for this episode 28 years of poliovirus shedding (PLoS Path) 36:50 NOT a rare poliovirus (Wash Post) 44:35 Ukraine polio outbreak (ProMedMail) 41:00 Virus particle transfer of cGAMP (Science one, two) 47:50 cGAS on TWiV 222 47:05 Image credit Letters read on TWiV 353 6:30, 1:10:25 This episode is sponsored by ASMGAP 3:10 Timestamps by Jennifer. Thanks! Weekly Science Picks 1:27:50 Alan - Miniature calendarKa...2015-09-061h 41This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 349: One ring to vaccinate them allHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit Vincent, Alan and Rich explain how to make a functional ribosome with tethered subunits, and review the results of a phase III VSV-vectored Ebolavirus vaccine trial in Guinea.   Links for this episode Social media specialist position at ASM WHO dismisses Catholic church on vaccine safety U of T Dean resigns over anti-vaccine course (Tor Star) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) Countering anti-vaccination attitudes (PNAS) Designer ribosome (Nature) rVSV-EBOV preliminary report (NEJM) rVSV-EBOV phase III interim report (pdf, Lancet) World on verge of Ebolavirus vaccine (WHO) Ebol...2015-08-091h 50This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 348: Chicken shiftHosts: Vincent Racaniello and Rich Condit Vincent and Rich discuss fruit fly viruses, one year without polio in Nigeria, and a permissive Marek's disease viral vaccine that allows transmission of virulent viruses.   Links for this episode Virology tenure-track position at NCI (pdf) ASM Agar Art Contest Nigeria on brink of polio eradication (Nature) Dengue in Africa (Tyler Sharp) Permissive vaccines and virulence (PLoS Biol) Marek's disease vaccines and virulence (Ed Yong) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 348 This episode is sponsored by ASM GAP Weekly Science Picks Rich - Swan-Ganz ca...2015-08-021h 45This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 347: Rose rosette and squirrel rouletteHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit Vincent, Alan, and Rich discuss the virus behind rose rosette disease, and fatal human encephalitis caused by a variegated squirrel bornavirus. Links for this episode Virology tenure-track position at NIH (pdf) 7:00 Voinnet investigation is a Swiss Federal secret (twitter) 12:25 Rose rosette disease in Ft. Worth (Star Telegram) 29:35 Rose rosette virus discovered (J Gen Virol) 34:25 Emeravirus (ViralZone) 33:55 Eriophyid mites (MI Botanical Garden) 32:40 Mite vector of rose rosette disease (U Florida) 34:55 Image credit Squirrel bornavirus associated with human encephalitis (NEJM) 38:40 Poll: How do you consume podcasts? 1:21:40 Letters read on TWiV 347 8:10...2015-07-261h 27This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 346: A double helical careerHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Joan Steitz This episode was recorded at the 34th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Virology, where Vincent, Rich, and Kathy spoke with Joan Steitz, a tireless promoter of women in science and one of the greatest scientists of our generation. Links for this episode ASV annual meeting, Western University Steitz Laboratory at Yale University Steitz Laboratory on Twitter Panoramic photo of ASV TWiV by Matt Evans Photos of ASV2015 (Facebook) Video of this episode - view at YouTube Weekly Science Picks2015-07-191h 01This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 340: No shift, measlesHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV teams reviews a MERS-coronavirus serosurvey and an outbreak in South Korea, and constraints on measles virus antigenic variation. Links for this episode Richard Elliott on TWiV 177 MERS-CoV outbreak, South Korea (ProMedMail) MERS-CoV serosurvey (Lancet Inf Dis) Biolabs in your backyard (USA Today) Constraints on measles virus antigenic variation (Cell Rep) Selection bias and bombers (John D. Cook) Virology (journal) Image credit: Cameron Moll Letters read on TWiV 340 Weekly Science Picks Dickson - Singapore Flower Dome  and Cloud ForestAlan - R...2015-06-071h 56This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 339: Herpes and the sashimi plotHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Tre TWiV amici present three snippets and a side of sashimi: how herpesvirus inhibits host cell gene expression by disrupting transcription termination. Links for this episode Searching for Steamer in the oceans Lassa fever death in NJ (CDC and NYTimes) Transgenic mouse model for MERS-CoV (J Virol) First West Nile virus disease case in Texas Herpesvirus disrupts host transcription termination (Nat Comm) Sashimi plots Broad benefits of measles virus immunization (TWiM #104) Avian influenza outbreak (NPR) The virome in health and disease (Immunity) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 339 Week...2015-05-311h 39This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 338: Coyotes have sushiHosts: Vincent Racaniello and Kathy Spindler Guest: Laura Newcomb Vincent and Kathy visit Laura Newcomb at California State University San Bernardino, where they talk about Laura's viral tatoos, and a protein that protects the mosquito brain from lethal flavivirus infection. Links for this episode Neuron-specific mosquito antiviral mechanism (PLoS Path) Letters read on TWiV 338 Photos of our visit Video of this episode - view at YouTube Weekly Science Picks Laura - NP siRNA inhibits different influenza viruses (Antiviral Res)Kathy - Time-lapse miningVincent - Does the public trust sc...2015-05-2459 minThis Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 331: Why is this outbreak different from all other outbreaks?Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV team discusses the possible association of the respiratory pathogen enterovirus D68 with neurological disease. This episode is sponsored by SciMed Solutions and ASM Education. Links for this episode Clusters of AFP associated with enterovirus D68 (Lancet) 31:35 Novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain (Lancet Inf Dis) 53:00 Enterovirus D68 in Norway (Euro Surveill) 1:12:00 Unknown enemy (Nature) 1:10:40 Enterovirus D68 on TWiV 302 Letters read on TWiV 331 8:00, 1:23:50 Timestamps by Jennifer. Thank you! Weekly Science Picks 1:53:50 Alan - OU0POLIO ham radio special event station...2015-04-052h 16This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 329: Pox in the balanceHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV team reviews identification of immune biomarkers in CFS/ME patients, and how a cell nuclease controls the innate immune response to vaccinia virus infection. Links for this episode Immune signatures in ME/CFS (Science Adv) 11:15 Systemic exertion intolerance disease (Lancet) 19:50 Cell nuclease controls anti-viral responses (Cell Host Micr) 25:10 Poxvirus decapping enzymes prevent innate responses (Cell Host Micr) 1:15:40 Caps off to poxviruses (Cell Host Micr) Drummer Mohr (YouTube) 1:24:05 Bornavirus in squirrel breeders (ProMedMail) 1:28:45 Principles of Microbial Diversity 5:30 Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 1:24:2...2015-03-221h 50This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 328: Lariat tricks in 3DHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVocateurs discuss how the RNA polymerase of enteroviruses binds a component of the splicing machinery and inhibits mRNA processing.   Links for this episode Viral polymerase binds Prp8 to inhibit mRNA splicing (PLoS Path) Prp8 protein of the spliceosome (RNA) Nuclear entry of poliovirus RdRp (Virol) RNA processing (TWiV 216) Measles in USA (CDC) Principles of Microbial Diversity Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education Letters read on TWiV 328 Weekly Science Picks Alan - Positively Negative (PLoS One)Rich - ISS assembly (YouT...2015-03-151h 32This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 324: Viruses in the miR may appear more numerousHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Lee Feinman Lee joins the TWiV team to discuss the value of post-doctoral training, and how a cellular microRNA assists in the replication of hepatitis C virus. Links for this episode Spin by Robert Charles Wilson Immunization of preterm infants (Dev Period Med) miR-122 alters HCV translation-replication balance (Cell Host Micr) Holding a miR to HCV (TWiV 180) Treating hepatitis C by blocking miR-122 (virology blog) Click chemistry (Wikipedia) Image credit Ebolavirus sitrep (WHO) Letters read on TWiV 324 Weekly Science Picks 2015-02-151h 56This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 321: aTRIP and a pauseHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Paul Duprex Paul joins the TWiV team to discuss the current moratorium on viral research to alter transmission, range and resistance, infectivity and immunity, and pathogenesis. Links for this episode Wain-Hobson objects (one, two, three, four) Influenza H7N1 transmission experiments (J Virol) Epistemological perspective on aTRIP experiments (mBio) Limited scientific value and risk (mBio) Reply to limited scientific value (mBio) Risks and benefits of aTRIP experiments (mBio) Apocalypse as rhetorical device in aTRIP debate (mBio) Moratorium on aTRIP experiments Moratorium on aTRIP research (m...2015-01-251h 40This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 318: Last year in virologyHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV gang reviews ten fascinating, compelling, and riveting virology stories from 2014.   Ten virology stories of 2014 Ebola virus outbreak (TWiV 314, 309, 308, 307, 306, 305, 304, 303, 302, 298, 297, 283) Directional uncoating of rhinovirus RNA (TWiV 267) Pandemic pathogen controversy (TWiV 287) Viral evolution (TWiV 275) Borna virus inhibition by endogenous DNA (TWiV 303) MERS-CoV in dromedary camels (TWiV special, TWiV 287) Oncolytic measles virus (TWiV 298) Amazing norovirus findings (TWiV 312 and 313) Toxin delivery to aphids (TWiV 272) The Salk Legacy (TWiV 281) Links for this episode Bat-filled tree (Science) Possible Ebola virus lab exposure (CIDRAP) Mishandling of Ebola virus sample (NY Times) Whe...2015-01-042h 00This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 316: The enemy of my enemy is not my friendHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Vincent, Alan, Rich and Kathy discuss how interleukin 10 modulation of Th17 helper cells contribute to alphavirus pathogenesis. Links for this episode IL10 modulation of Th17 cells during alphavirus pathogenesis (PNAS) Th17 cells involved in influenza mediated gut injury (J Exp Med) Helper T cells 2014-15 flu season (CDC) Key facts about flu & flu vaccine (CDC) Does the flu vaccine work? (Turbid plaque) Effectiveness of flu vaccine (virology blog) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 316 Weekly Science Picks Alan - It came from the pond2014-12-211h 31This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 315: Must be something in the waterHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Vincent, Alan, Rich and Kathy association of a virus with sea star melting disease, and the finding of a phycodnavirus in the oropharynx of humans with altered cognitive functions. Links for this episode National Influenza Immunization Week (CDC) Densovirus associated with sea star wasting disease (PNAS) A virus that melts sea stars (virology blog) Chlorovirus in human oropharynx (PNAS) Algal virus in humans (virology blog) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 315 Weekly Science Picks Alan - ReelLife Science 2014 WinnersRich - The Martian by...2014-12-131h 27This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 313: With viruses like these, who needs enemas?Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit Vincent, Alan, and Rich discuss how norovirus, an enteric virus, can replace the functions of the gut microbiome. Links for this episode Ebola virus update (WHO) Norovirus can replace functions of gut microbiome (Nature) Post-vaccinal distemper encephalitis (N Z Vet J) Novel sea otter poxvirus (J Wildl Dis) Poliovirus escapes antibodies (virology blog) CDC whistleblower saga (Sci Based Med) Snopes on CDC whistleblower Image credit Letters read on TWiV 313 Video of this episode - view at YouTube Weekly Science Picks Alan - RetrocomputingRich - Where is...2014-11-301h 38This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 312: She sells B cellsHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVbolans discuss the finding that human noroviruses, major causes of gastroenteritis, can for the first time be propagated in B cell cultures, with the help of enteric bacteria. This episode of TWiV is brought to you by the Department of Microbiology at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Composed of over 20 virology labs, all centralized in one building in the heart of New York City, this department is a perfect fit for anyone with an interest in pursuing virus research. The Departmen...2014-11-231h 33This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 309: Ebola emailHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVocytes answer questions about Ebola virus, including mode of transmission, quarantine, incubation period, immunity, and much more. This episode of TWiV is brought to you by the Department of Microbiology at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Composed of over 20 virology labs, all centralized in one building in the heart of New York City, this department is a perfect fit for anyone with an interest in pursuing virus research. The Department is presently looking to recruit any prospective graduate students to apply...2014-11-021h 58This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 307: Ebola aetiologyHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Tara C. Smith Tara Smith joins the TWiEBOVsters to discuss the Ebola virus outbreak in west Africa, spread of the disease to and within the US, transmission of the virus, and much more.   This episode of TWiV is brought to you by the Department of Microbiology at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Composed of over 20 virology labs, all centralized in one building in the heart of New York City, this department is a perfect fit for anyone with an interest in purs...2014-10-191h 37This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 306: This Week in EbolavirusHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler The Grand Masters of the TWiV discuss Ebola virus transmission, air travel from West Africa, Ebola virus infectivity on surfaces, the Dallas Ebola virus patient, and Ebola virus in dogs. This episode of TWiV is brought to you by the Department of Microbiology at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Composed of over 20 virology labs, all centralized in one building in the heart of New York City, this department is a perfect fit for anyone with an interest in pursuing virus research. The Department is presently looki...2014-10-121h 47This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 305: Rhymes with shinolaHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Vincent, Alan, and Kathy continue their coverage of the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, with a discussion of case fatality ratio, reproductive index, a conspiracy theory, and spread of the virus to the United States. This episode of TWiV is brought to you by the Department of Microbiology at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Composed of over 20 virology labs, all centralized in one building in the heart of New York City, this department is a perfect fit for anyone with an interest in pursuing virus...2014-10-051h 32This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 304: Given X, solve for EBOVHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Jeff Shaman The TWiV team consults an epidemiologist to forecast the future scope of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa.  This episode of TWiV is brought to you by the Department of Microbiology at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Composed of over 20 virology labs, all centralized in one building in the heart of New York City, this department is a perfect fit for anyone with an interest in pursuing virus research. The Department is presently looking to recruit any prospective...2014-09-281h 37This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 303: Borna this wayHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV team discusses transmission of Ebola virus, and inhibition of Borna disease virus replication by viral DNA in the ground squirrel genome. This episode of TWiV is brought to you by the Department of Microbiology at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Composed of over 20 virology labs, all centralized in one building in the heart of New York City, this department is a perfect fit for anyone with an interest in pursuing virus research. The Department is presently looking to recruit any prospective graduat...2014-09-211h 33This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 300: So happy togetherHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Recording together for the first time, the TWiV team celebrates their 300th recording at the American Society for Microbiology headquarters in Washington, DC, where Vincent  speaks with Dickson, Alan, Rich, and Kathy about their careers in science. Links for this episode So Happy Together (The Turtles) Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium Support Kenema VHFC program Letters read on TWiV 298 Video of this episode - view at YouTube Weekly Science Picks Alan - The Internet's Original SinDickson - PlacidcoyoteRich - S...2014-08-311h 32This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 298: MV-NIS de myeloHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV gang answer follow-up questions about the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, then discuss treatment of  disseminated multiple myeloma with oncolytic measles virus. Links for this episode Use of unregistered interventions for Ebola virus disease (WHO) Response to anthrax and H5N1 incidents (CDC) Remission of disseminated cancer after treatment with oncolytic measles virus (Mayo Clin Proc) New viruses for cancer therapy (Nat Rev Micro) Cattaneo on TWiV Image credit Letters read on TWiV 298 Weekly Science Picks Alan - WTF, Evolution...2014-08-171h 45This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 297: Ebola! Don't panicHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVites present an all-ebolavirus episode, tackling virology, epidemiology, and approaches to prevention and cure that are in the pipeline. Links for this episode Risks and benefits of gain-of-function experiments (mBio) Scientists for Science US Policy for oversight of DURC (pdf) US framework for guiding H5N1 transmission expts (pdf) Extra oversight for H7N9 experiments (Science) TWiV 283: No Reston for the weary Is it Ebolavirus or Ebola virus? (virology blog) Ebola virus disease update (WHO) Ebola virus disease FAQ (WHO) Ebola hemorrhagic fever (CDC) Ebola viru...2014-08-101h 54This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 295: A nonslip grippe and Lassa's LAMPHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit The TWiVome discusses an miRNA based strategy to mitigate risk of gain of function studies, and identification of a second receptor required for Lassa virus entry. Links for this episode miRNA strategy to minimize risk (Nat BioT) NIH Office of Science Policy NIH recombinant DNA guidelines Second receptor for Lassa virus entry (Science) Lassa fever (Wikipedia) Fever! The discovery of Lassa virus (TWiV 9) Letters read on TWiV 294 Weekly Science Picks Alan - Nicky Bay macrophotography (Flickr)Rich - FASEB Third annual BioArt compe...2014-07-271h 48This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 294: Smallpox and anthrax and flu, oh my!Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit The TWiV team reviews the discovery of old vials of smallpox virus at NIH, anthrax and influenza mishaps at CDC, the baby who was not cured of HIV, Cambridge Working Group, and sacking of NSABB members. Links for this episode Newly discovered smallpox (CDC) Infectious smallpox in FDA storage (FDA) Report on potential anthrax exposure (pdf, CDC) CDC Director on unsafe practices (NY Times) HIV returns to baby (NY Times) Original HIV baby cured article (NEJM) Cambridge Working Group NSABB members released (ScienceInsider) Letters read on TWiV 294 ...2014-07-201h 39This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 291: Ft. Collins abuzz with virologistsHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guests: Clodagh O'Shea and Ron Fouchier Vincent, Rich, and Kathy and their guests Clodagh and Ron recorded this episode at the 33rd annual meeting of the American Society for Virology at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado. Links for this episode Viral polymer that inactivates tumor suppressors (Cell) Mutations driving airborne transmission of influenza H5N1 virus (Cell) Transmission of influenza H7N1 virus in ferrets (J Virol) Ron Fouchier on TWiV #177 Photo credit: Matt Evans Thanks to David Quammen for the title Video of this e...2014-06-291h 06This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 288: ebircsnart esreveRHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The Twivsters discuss how reverse transcriptase encoded in the human genome might produce DNA copies of RNA viruses in infected cells. Links for this episode Should variola virus be destroyed? (poll at virology blog) DNA complementary to non-retroviral RNA viruses (Sci Rep) Integration of arenavirus DNA into cell genome (virology blog) Infectious respiratory syncytial DNA (PNAS) Tysabri and PML JC and PML (J Imm Res) Igor Koralnik laboratory Jean-Luc Doumont (Kathy's pick, TWiV 268) Bullet points kill (TED) Letters read on TWiV 288 Weekly Scienc...2014-06-082h 00This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 287: A potentially pandemic podcastHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Kathy Spindler, and Matt Frieman Matt updates the TWiV team on MERS-coronavirus, and joins in a discussion of whether we should further regulate research on potentially pandemic pathogens. Links for this episode MERS stories at CIDRAP MERS at CDC MERS in the US (CDC) MERS-CoV map MERS-CoV infection after camel exposure (EID) MERS-CoV in dromedaries from Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia (EID) MERS-CoV antivirals (one, two, three, four) Experiments with novel potential pathogens (PLoS Med) Unacceptable risks (Bull Atom Sci) TWiX Bingo (thanks, Mark!) Letters read on TWiV 287 Weekly Science Picks2014-06-011h 47This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 286: Boston TWiV partyHosts: Vincent Racaniello and Alan Dove Guests: Julie Pfeiffer and Paul Duprex Vincent and Alan meet up with Julie and Paul at the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology in Boston, to talk about their work on the pathogenesis of poliovirus and measles virus. Links for this episode Threading the NEIDL (YouTube) Transmission of measles virus from macaques (J Gen Virol) Tropism of green measles virus in macaques (J Virol) Intestinal microbiota promote enteric virus replication (Science) Bacterial LPS enhances poliovirus stability (Cell Host Micr) Video of this episode - view below or...2014-05-261h 34This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 284: By the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comesHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV team discusses how skin scarification promotes a nonspecific immune response, and whether remaining stocks of smallpox virus should be destroyed. Links for this episode Skin scarification protects against vaccinia virus disease (J Virol) Smallpox research agenda (PLoS Path) WHO report on variola research (pdf) Review of smallpox research program for WHO (pdf) How I record my lectures (virology blog) Letters read on TWiV 284 Weekly Science Picks Rich - EPCOTVincent - Medical BiotechnologyKathy - Alan Alda interview and Flame C...2014-05-111h 42This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 283: No Reston for the wearyHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Jens H. Kuhn Jens speaks with the TWiV team about filoviruses, including the recent Ebola virus outbreak in Guinea. Links for this episode Review of Zanamavir clinical trials (Brit Med J) Ebola virus disease in Guinea (NEJM) Filovirus nomenclature (virology blog) Ebola virus disease, West Africa (ProMedMail) How lethal are ebolaviruses? (virology blog) Letters read on TWiV 283 Weekly Science Picks Alan - AMNH digital special collectionsVincent - Viral entry into host cells (Stefan Pöhlmann PhD, Graham Simmons PhD...2014-05-041h 50This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 282: Tamiflu and tenure tooHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV team reviews a meta-analysis of clinical trial reports on using Tamiflu for influenza, and suggestions on how to rescue US biomedical research from its systemic flaws. Links for this episode World Malaria Day Review of oseltamivir clinical trials (Brit Med J) Effectiveness of Tamiflu questioned (NHS choices) Tamiflu campaign (Brit Med J) Rescuing US biomedical research (PNAS) Letters read on TWiV 282 Weekly Science Picks Alan - Northampton AirportVincent - Particle FeverKathy - Turn iPhone into microscopeRi...2014-04-271h 44This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 279: The missing LNCHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Vincent, Alan, and Kathy reveal how a retrovirus in the human genome keeps embryonic stem cells in a pluripotent state, from where they can differentiate into all cells of the body. Links for this episode Retrovirus needed for stem cell identity (Nat Struc Mol Biol) HERV-H is a marker for pluripotency (Retrovirology) Letters read on TWiV 279 Weekly Science Picks Alan - HeathkitVincent - How to think about autism risk and Autism prevalenceKathy - Distortions Listener Pick of the Week...2014-04-061h 29This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 278: Flushing HIV down the zincHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Vincent, Dickson, Alan, and Kathy discuss disruption of the ccr5 gene in lymphocytes of patients infected with HIV-1. Links for this episode Gene editing of ccr5 in AIDS patients (NEJM) HIV gets the zinc finger (TWiV 144) Genome engineering with zinc finger nucleases (Genetics) Photo credit: Watty's Wall Stuff Mice lie, monkeys exaggerate t-shirt design (thanks, Christophe) Letters read on TWiV 278 Weekly Science Picks Alan - Digital scale model of solar systemDickson - Font of knowledgeVincent - Measles outbreaks trends, and...2014-03-301h 42This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 276: Ramblers go viralHost: Vincent Racaniello Guests: Susan Baker and Thomas Gallagher Vincent meets up with Susan Baker and Tom Gallagher at Loyola University to talk about their work on coronaviruses. Links for this episode Papain-like viral proteases (Virus Res) MERS-CoV papain-like protease (Virology) Mouse model for MERS-CoV (PNAS) Receptor and MERS-CoV infection (J Virol) Letters read on TWiV 276 Video of this episode - view at YouTube Weekly Science Picks Vincent - First demonstration of Macintosh, 1984 Listener Pick of the Week Lance - The Signal and the Noise by Nate S...2014-03-161h 09This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 274: Data dumpHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV team discusses recent cases of polio-like paralysis in California, and the virome of 14th century paleofeces. Links for this episode MERS-CoV in dromedary camels (EID) Virologist Al Kapikian dies Polio-like illness in CA (ProMedMail) Acute flaccid paralysis AFP in India (EID) Enterovirus 68 (MMWR) EV 68 CNS infection (Arch Path Lab Med) Polio-free does not mean paralysis-free (The Hindu) Viruses in 14th century coprolite (AEM) Coprolite and paleofeces Ancient poxvirus (EID) Giant coprolite (WordADay) Letters read on TWiV 274 Weekly Science Picks Alan - Th...2014-03-022h 00This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV special: MERS-coronavirus in dromedary camelsHost: Vincent Racaniello Guests: W. Ian Lipkin and Thomas Briese Vincent meets up with Ian and Thomas to discuss their finding that MERS-coronavirus has been circulating in dromedary camels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia since at least 1992. Links for this episode MERS-CoV in dromedary camels (mBio) TWiV 251: Don't kiss the camel TWiV 247: Today's weather in virology TWiV 239: Filterable camels Send your virology questions and comments (email or mp3 file) to twiv@twiv.tv2014-02-2538 minThis Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 272: Give peas a chanceHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiV team describes aphid control by using a viral capsid protein to deliver a spider toxin to plants, and a human endogenous retrovirus that enhances expression of a neuronal gene. Links for this episode Toxin delivery to plants by viral capsid protein (Nat Biotech) Pea enation mosaic virus (ViralZone) Image credit: Aphid membrane feeding chamber (Sci Rep) Aphid feeding chamber (YouTube) Parafilm (Wikipedia) Human endogenous retrovirus enhances neural gene (PNAS) Flu, common cold, alternative medicine (NCCAM) Cold vs flu (CDC) Phage hunters Bed bu...2014-02-161h 48This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 271: To bee, or not to bee, that is the infectionHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Ashlee Bennett The TWiV crew discusses two reports on viruses that might have crossed kingdoms, from plants to honeybees and from plants to vertebrates. Links for this episode Tobacco ringspot virus in honeybees (mBio) Plant virus that switched to vertebrates (PNAS) CDC influenza activity and surveillance With Esmeralda at ASM Biodefense (jpg) Image credit: Virginia Tech Learning Resources Center Letters read on TWiV 271 Weekly Science Picks Alan - Nagasaki bombing (YouTube)Rich - GoPro Red Bull Stratos (YouTube)Dickson - Solar orbsV...2014-02-091h 36This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 270: Homeland virologyHosts: Vincent Racaniello and Rich Condit Guests: Dennis Hruby and Yoshihiro Kawaoka Vincent and Rich discuss avian influenza virus and an antiviral drug against smallpox with Dennis and Yoshi at the ASM Biodefense and Emerging Diseases Research Meeting in Washington, DC. Links for this episode ASM Biodefense Meeting Influenza H5N1 transmission (Virus Res) Aerosol transmission of H5N1 virus in ferrets (Nature) Characterization of H7N9 virus from humans (Nature) ST-246 efficacy in primates (AAC) Antiviral options for biodefense (Curr Op Virol) ST-246 safety in humans (Antimicrob Agents Chemother) Gain-of-function experiments (Science) Letter...2014-02-021h 24This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 269: Herpesvirus stops a nuclear attackHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The complete TWiV team reviews evidence for sensing of herpesviral DNA in the nucleus by the cell protein IFI16.  Links for this episode IFI16 is a nuclear pathogen sensor (Cell Host Micr) Nuclear IFI16 sensing of and antagonism by herpesvirus (PNAS) Acetylation regulates IFI16 location (PNAS) Letters read on TWiV 269 Weekly Science Picks Kathy - Female conveners and speakersAlan - SandgrainsRich - 2013 Lamborghini AventadorVincent - Happy Birthday Mac and 128K Mac teardownDickson - Farmdominion...2014-01-261h 42This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 268: Transmission is inevitableHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Kathy Spindler, and Ashlee Bennett Vincent, Alan, Kathy, and Ashlee discuss fomites in physicians offices, plant virus factories involved in aphid transmission, and clues from the bat genome about flight and immunity. Links for this episode How viruses cause disease (Coursera) How clean is your iPad (Which?) Meeting announcement: From emerging to pandemic viruses CaMV virus factories involved in aphid transmission (J Virol) Caulimovirus (ViralZone) CaMV responds instantly to vector (eLIFE) Aphid acquiring CaMV (J Virol) Bat genomes, flight, and immunity (Science) Letters read on TWiV 268 Weekly Science Picks ...2014-01-191h 46This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 267: Snow in the headlightsHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Vincent, Alan, Rich and Kathy review a protease essential for influenza pathogenesis in mice, and directionality of rhinovirus RNA exit from the capsid. Links for this episode Protease essential for influenza pathogenesis in mice (PLoS Path) Rhinovirus uncoating is directional (PLoS Path) Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Capillary electrophoresis (Wiki) Letters read on TWiV 267 Weekly Science Picks Kathy - Amazing mapsAlan - Florida to NJ in 156 seconds (YouTube)Rich - Whiteout over Great Lakes from SpaceVincent - LORiOLA viral necklaces2014-01-121h 35This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 266: A pathogenic vicious cycleHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler Vincent, Alan, and Kathy discuss finding viruses in outer space, varying results obtained from personal genetic testing, and depletion of CD4 cells during HIV infection by pyroptosis. Links for this episode We should hunt for viruses in space (New Scientist) I had my DNA picture taken (NY Times) CD4 cell death by pyroptosis (Nature) Abortive HIV infection in lymphoid tissue (Cell) IFI16 sensor required for HIV mediated cell death (Science) PubMed Commons Preferential CTL targeting of Gag (Cell Rep) Exonic transcription protein binding (Science) Letters read on TWiV 266 Vide...2014-01-051h 37This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 265: This year in virologyHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler In their final episode of the year, the TWiV team reviews ten compelling virology stories from 2013. Links for this episode Antiviral RNAi (TWiV 255, 256, 263) MERS-CoV (TWiV 215, 223, 224, 233, 239, 247, 251, 258) Placental trophoblasts confer viral resistance (TWiV 241) Origin of REV (TWiV 248) Phage T7 gets a cat scan (TWiV 220) It's a cGAS! (TWiV 222) Dual virus-host arms race (TWiV 242) Pandoraviruses (TWiV 246, 261) CMV based SIV vaccine (TWiV 254) Threading the NEIDL Letters read on TWiV 265 Video of this episode - view at YouTube Weekly Science Picks Kathy - Women in ScienceAlan - Contagium...2013-12-301h 43This Week in VirologyThis Week in VirologyTWiV 263: Game of clonesHosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Ben tenOever Ben joins the TWiV team to reveal the winner of his contest in which influenza viruses carrying different interferon-stimulated genes vie against one another in mice. Links for this episode Virusninja Game of clones (Vax Rep) Game of clones bracket Letters read on TWiV 263 Weekly Science Picks Kathy - The Brain Scoop, esp. Where My Ladies AtAlan - Say 'hi' to a spaceship (YouTube)Rich - Garmin BlueChart Mobile and Active CaptainVincent - Journal boycott...2013-12-151h 43