Shows
Tech This Out!Smart tool or subtle manipulation? Unpacking AI’s impact on childrenTRIGGER WARNING: This episode discusses issues of mental health and loneliness. If you are affected by any of these issues, please seek support from a trusted adult or licensed professional. Here is a list of child-friendly helplines: https://childhelplineinternational.org/helplines/
From homework helper to creative companion, AI is already woven into young people's daily lives in ways we're only beginning to understand. But as this powerful technology becomes invisible and everywhere, what does it mean for how children learn, create, and connect? In this month's episode, 5Rights Youth Ambassador Aisling sits down with Dr. Jun Zhao f...2025-07-3133 minTech This Out!Not a friend, not a therapist: the limits of AI chatbotsTRIGGER WARNING: This episode discusses issues of mental health, loneliness and eating disorders. If you are affected by any of these issues, please seek support from a trusted adult or licensed professional. Here is a list of child-friendly helplines: https://childhelplineinternational.org/helplines/
AI chatbots promise 24/7 support without judgement – but can they ever truly replace a friend or a therapist? In this month’s episode, 5Rights Youth Ambassador, Ali, sits down with Mie Oehlenschläger - a member of the Danish Council on Ethics and President of 5Rights - EU – to unpack the design and data choices behind AI...2025-06-2632 minTech This Out!Who's watching? How surveillance capitalism threatens children – and democracy (Part 2)In Part 2 of our conversation with Prof. Shoshana Zuboff, 5Rights Youth Ambassador Srishti explores the deeper dangers of surveillance capitalism. From the loss of privacy to growing threats to democracy, we unpack how children and young people are caught in a system designed to track, manipulate and control.
What’s the way forward? Tune in for advice on reclaiming agency in the digital world.
This podcast is brought to you by the 5Rights Foundation, the only global organisation working with and for children for better tech.
Visit our website to learn more: 5rightsfoundation.com
2025-05-0831 min
UN InterviewsRegulating AI to protect children onlineThe digital revolution has created unprecedented opportunities for children and young people across the globe to communicate, learn, and socialise.However, browsing the internet as artificial intelligence gathers pace, also presents dangers – from sexual abuse to cyberbullying – highlighting the need for smarter and more effective regulation to keep youngsters safe.As the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) holds its annual forum on Science, Technology and Innovation, UN News’s Emma Trager-Lewis spoke to Baroness Kidron, Founder of 5Rights, a UK-based organization dedicated to children’s rights in the digital world.Emma began by askin...2025-05-0609 min
Our World, ConnectedTech, trust, and teens: who’s looking out for young people online?How do we protect young people in a digital-first world? And who’s responsible for protecting kids online?From social media to AI, technology is evolving faster than policy, and young people are at the center of this digital revolution. While the internet offers incredible opportunities for learning, creativity, and connection, it also exposes children to risks that we are still learning to navigate. So how can we ensure young people develop the digital skills they need, whilst staying safe online?In this episode of Our World, Connected, host Christine Wilson delves into the complexities of...2025-04-0935 minTech This Out!Who's watching? How tech companies profit from children’s data (Part 1)Every click, search, and scroll—who’s tracking it, and why? In this episode, 5Rights Youth Ambassador Srishti speaks with Prof. Shoshana Zuboff, author of The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, to uncover how tech companies like Google and Meta harvest young people’s data, manipulate our behaviour, and turn childhood into a marketplace.
This is Part 1 of Srishti’s conversation with Prof. Zuboff — stay tuned for more in the next episode.
This podcast is brought to you by the 5Rights Foundation, the only global organisation working with and for children for better tech. Visit our web...2025-03-1334 minTech This Out!Tech This Out Wrapped: Redesigning the digital worldFrom the risks of persuasive design to rethinking phone bans in schools, Tech This Out! has taken listeners on a thought-provoking journey through the digital world in 2024. In this special episode, our host Haydn reflects on the podcast's biggest moments, revisiting powerful insights from world-leading guests like Baroness Beeban Kidron, campaigner Zamaan Qureshi, and Professor Sonia Livingstone.
Relive the highlights, explore key takeaways, and get ready for more gripping youth-led conversations in 2025!
This podcast is brought to you by the 5Rights Foundation, the only global organisation working with and for children for better t...2024-12-1911 minTech This Out!Phone bans in schools: smart move or big mistake?Are phone bans in schools the solution to better focus, mental health, and learning—or are they a quick fix limiting children’s digital growth? 5Rights Youth Ambassador from the UK, Jessica, sits down with Professor Sonia Livingstone from the London School of Economics to dig into what it means to balance online safety with digital literacy and why consulting young people in these decisions is the key to a smarter approach.
This podcast is brought to you by the 5Rights Foundation, the only global organisation working with and for children for better tech .
Visit o...2024-10-3129 minTech This Out!Can we stop tech from stealing our attention?In a world where tech is designed to endlessly capture our focus, how do we manage the time we spend online? In this month’s episode, 5Rights Junior Youth Ambassador, Matheo, sits down with Baroness Beeban Kidron to talk about the addictive nature of tech and how it’s impacting friendships, school and play. Together, they explore why so many apps and games are hard to put down and how young people can push back against the pressure to stay constantly connected.
This podcast is brought to you by the 5Rights Foundation, the only global organi...2024-09-2625 min
The Right AngleVisiting 5Rights in the UKIn this episode, we will take a quick look at what I did this summer in the UK with 5Rights and all the amazing events and people I was able to meet. Enjoy!2024-09-2207 min
The Cluster F Theory Podcast33. Children's Online Rights - Beeban KidronBaroness Beeban Kidron OBE sits as a crossbench peer in the UK’s House of Lords.She is an advisor to the Institute for Ethics in AI at the University of Oxford, a Commissioner on the UN Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, an expert advisor for the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence, and Founder and Chair of 5Rights Foundation. Before taking up her seat in the House of Lords in 2012, Baroness Kidron spent 30 years as a film maker. Her credits include, the BAFTA award-winning 'Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit', 'Bridget Jone...2024-09-1947 minTech This Out!Who can design digital spaces that empower youth?Tech is now a constant in children’s lives but as mental health concerns rise, how can we create a safer digital world? And who should be leading the charge? In this month’s episode, activist Haydn is joined by Zamaan Qureshi, Co-Chair of the Design It For Us coalition, to dig into the critical role of tech companies and government in designing platforms and services that uplift, not undermine, young minds.
This podcast is brought to you by the 5Rights Foundation, the only global organisation working with and for children for better tech.
Visit...2024-08-2927 minTech This Out!Can we build a digital world children can trust?Tech connects us with family and friends, entertains us and opens up a world of possibilities. It also comes with serious risks, especially for young people. In this month’s episode, author and youth advocate Nidhi chats with human rights activist Chisako from Japan and UN Youth Representative Gavin from Australia about building an online that is safe by design.
This podcast is brought to you by the 5Rights Foundation, the only global organisation working with and for children for better tech. Visit our website to learn more about our work: https://5rightsfoundation.com/
2024-07-2521 minTech This Out!Tech This Out! TrailerA sneak preview of the new podcast from the 5Rights Foundation, entirely created and led by young people. Coming out on July 25th .
2024-07-2200 min
On The RecordMaryland could be among the first to have an online 'Kids Code'Concern for the safety and privacy of young people online is prompting a wave of legislation in several states. The Maryland Kids Code could become among the nation's first laws dictating how social media companies design and sell their products to young people. We asked Marisa Shea, a proponent of the bill and US Senior Policy Manager with nonprofit 5Rights Foundation, to give us the rundown on the Kids Code. (Photo by r. nial bradshaw, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons)Do you have a question or comment about a show or...2024-03-1112 min
The MummafestoThe Mummafesto: Baroness Beeban KidronTo kick off the first ever episode of the Mummafesto I’m delighted to welcome Baroness Beeban Kidron. Beeban is a leading voice of children’s rights in the digital environment and has been instrumental in establishing global standards and legislation for online safety and privacy. Beeban is the founder of digital rights foundation 5Rights and educational charity Into Film. Prior to being appointed to the House of Lords in 2012, Beeban was an award-winning film director. Directing and producing films such as Bafta winning Oranges are not the only fruit, Victoria & Abdul, Swept Away and Bridget Jones: The Edge of R2024-03-0742 min
Ambiente Legal#Episódio especial - Proteção de Dados Pessoais de Crianças e AdolescentesRamon Costa (NIC.br) e Karen Borges (NIC.br) recebem Isabella Henriques (Instituto Alana) e Luísa Adib (Cetic.br) para conversarem sobre a Pesquisa TIC Kids Online Brasil 2023 e o impacto dos indicadores apresentados nos direitos digitais e na proteção de dados de crianças e adolescentes no país.
Foram abordadas questões sobre a situação atual de jovens e crianças no ambiente virtual e suas múltiplas infâncias, diferenças de perspectivas e acesso ao mundo digital, bem como as consequências deste cenário na vida deles, e a responsabilidad...2023-10-241h 13
The Security CircleEP 027 The Dark Trade In AI Child Sexual Abuse Material: A Discussion With Journalist Octavia SheepshanksSend us a textNew article Nov 2023https://thecritic.co.uk/the-shadow-side-of-open-source-ai/Octavia Sheepshanks is an intrepid freelance journalist and researcher driven to uncover compelling and demanding stories. Her diverse subjects of interest include space travel, mental health, feminism, and AI. Octavia’s current focus is on the dangerous proliferation of AI-generated child sexual abuse material, and she has dedicated herself to extensive research on the problem throughout 2023.Her work first came to prominence through an investigation conducted with The Times, which provided a sobering insight into a subject that demands immediate attention.In a su...2023-07-061h 35
Fighting dark patterns - regain your free will onlineAre dark patterns illicit? Discussion with Gabriel Voisin and Alexandre Vuchot.✅ Is there one single legal definition of dark patterns?✅ What are the legal risks incurred by companies from the consumer law and the data protection point of views?✅ What is really changing with the digital service act (DSA), the first regulation that explicitly prohibits dark patterns per se?To answer these questions, Marie Potel welcomes Gabriel Voisin and Alexandre Vuchot, partners at Bird & Bird specializing respectively in data protection, cyber security & privacy, and consumer law.You will also hear an extract of Tristan Harris talking about technological deception in the soc...2023-06-1329 min
The Tech Policy Press PodcastA Conversation with Baroness Beeban Kidron on Child Online SafetyTech Policy Press editor Justin Hendrix is joined by a UK lawmaker and advocate who has been influential in the global push for more protections for children online. Baroness Beeban Kidron OBE is a Crossbench member of the House of Lords and sits on the Democracy and Digital Technologies Committee, and she’s a Commissioner for UNESCO's Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, where she is a member of the Working Group on Child Online Safety. She’s the Founder and Chair of 5Rights Foundation, which seeks to ensure children and young people are afforded the right to participate in the d...2023-04-2745 min
Woman's HourClaudia Winkleman, Nurses' strike, Baroness Kidron and Online Safety Bill, Iran diaries, Actor Naomi Ackie, Medieval womenHow to hang the loo roll to where to store the mustard - TV presenter Claudia Winkleman on the domestic tasks that need to done a certain way in the home.The Health Minister Helen Whately on what the government is doing to resolve the row over nurses' pay. The latest on the online harms bill with Baroness Beeban Kidron, the founder of the 5Rights Foundation which campaigns to make the digital world safer for children and young people.British actor Naomi Ackie on playing Whitney Houston in new film Whitney Houston: I...2022-12-1755 minWoman's HourClaudia Winkelman, Kate Bingham, Baroness Kidron, Helen WhatelyStrictly Come Dancing’s Claudia Winkelman in conversation with Emma Barnett about the domestic tasks that need to done a certain way in the home; starting with how to hang a toilet roll.Health Minister Helen Whately is questioned about the historic strike by members of the Royal College of Nursing.Dame Kate Bingham the woman who led the UK’s Vaccine Taskforce talks about her concerns regarding our readiness to tackle the next pandemic. She says the UK’s going 'backwards' in this area and is 'baffled' by the decisions to 'dismantle' many of the ca...2022-12-1557 min
ConfluenceProtecting the Rights of Children Online with Baroness Beeban KidronIn today’s episode of Confluence, host Rana Sarkar and guest Baroness Beeban Kidron discuss her work as a leading global advocate for the rights of children online. They discuss her journey from her time as a photographer and filmmaker to her current position as a policymaker. Baroness Kidron shares lessons from the UK Age Appropriate Design Code, a critical piece of legislation that she has led; discusses the status of similar pieces of legislation around the world; and offers advice for policymakers to learn from each other and safeguard children from the downsides of technology. LINKS:2022-12-1547 min
Info MattersIn conversation with Jim Balsillie: Data, technology, and public policy | Entretien avec Jim Balsillie : données, technologie et politiques publiquesJim Balsillie is the founder of the Centre for International Governance Innovation, the Centre for Digital Rights, and the former co-CEO of Research In Motion (BlackBerry). From tech executive to tech critic [4:38]Toronto’s Sidewalk Labs project [5:50]Why data governance is the most pressing public policy issue of our time [7:21]The false dichotomy between privacy regulation and innovation [8:45]Elements of a modern, enduring privacy law [11:04]A made in Ontario private sector privacy law [14:07]Oversight of political parties, protecting the privacy of citizens, and upholding democracy in the age of big data [17:47]Data driven harms and children, the UK’s Childr...2022-05-3129 min
Public Lectures from the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge'A Personal Journal to Advocacy': Cambridge Pro Bono Project Annual Lecture 2021On Wednesday 19th May 2021 the Cambridge Pro Bono Project hosted Baroness Beeban Kidron.Baroness Beeban Kidron OBE is a Crossbench Peer in the UK House of Lords and Chair of 5Rights Foundation. For 30 years, Baroness Kidron worked as a film director, making TV and film dramas and documentaries in the UK and Hollywood. She is best known for directing an adaption of the novel Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason.Baroness Kidron was appointed to the House of Lords, where she takes a particular interest in all things...2022-05-101h 25Cambridge Pro Bono Project'A Personal Journal to Advocacy': Cambridge Pro Bono Project Annual Lecture 2021On Wednesday 19th May 2021 the Cambridge Pro Bono Project hosted Baroness Beeban Kidron.Baroness Beeban Kidron OBE is a Crossbench Peer in the UK House of Lords and Chair of 5Rights Foundation. For 30 years, Baroness Kidron worked as a film director, making TV and film dramas and documentaries in the UK and Hollywood. She is best known for directing an adaption of the novel Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason.Baroness Kidron was appointed to the House of Lords, where she takes a particular interest in all things...2022-05-101h 25
Screen TimeA new model for a kid-friendly internetWhen it comes to data, tech companies treat anyone 13 and over as an adult. How did this happen?Hosts Taylor Owen and Nicole Edwards explore how the internet's definition of a child goes back to a single American law passed in the 1990s.Then, we hear from Baroness Beeban Kidron, an advocate for children's digital rights and member of the UK House of Lords. She has pushed through new legislation in the UK that's forcing companies to reimagine how they engage with kids online, with ripple effects around the world. What will this mean for...2022-04-1440 min
So This Is My WhyEp 65: How AI is manipulating our behaviour & how to regulate it | Ansgar Koene (Global AI Ethics & Regulatory Leader, EY)Ansgar Koene is the Global AI Ethics & Regulatory Leader at EY, Senior Research Fellow at Horizon Digital Economy Research Institute at the University of Nottingham, a Trustee at 5Rights and chair of the IEEE Working Group P7003 Standard for Algorithm Bias Considerations.Today with Ansgar, we’ll be talking about all things artificial intelligence.AI is an inescapable part of life. Whether it's the songs that Spotify recommends to us or the similar videos that pop up on our YouTube feed after watching one cat video, AI is monitoring & downloading data about us which is us...2021-11-301h 04
Pondering AIGrowing Up with AI with Baroness Beeban KidronBaroness Beeban Kidron is an award-willing filmmaker, a Crossbench Peer in the UK House of Lords and the Founder and Chair of the 5Rights Foundation.In this eye-opening discussion, Beeban vividly describes how the seed for 5Rights was planted while getting up close and personal with teenagers navigating the physical and digital realms ‘In Real Life’. Beeban sounds a resounding alarm about why treating all humans as equal on the internet is regressive. As well as how existing business models have created a perfect societal storm, especially for children.Intertwining the voices of these underserved and...2021-11-1744 minPondering AIIs AI-Driven Sustainability Sustainable with Vincent de MontalivetVincent de Montalivet is the Global AI Sustainability Leader at Capgemini where he develops strategies to use AI to combat climate change and drive corporate net-zero initiatives.In this forthright discussion, Vincent charts his path from supply chain engineering to his current position at the crossroads of data, IT and sustainability. Vincent stresses this is the ‘decade of action’ and highlights cutting edge AI applications enabling the turn from simulation to accountability in real-time. Addressing fears about AI, Vincent shows how it enables rather than replaces human expertise.In that vein, Kimberly and Vincent have a fra...2021-11-0332 min
Knowledge, EngagedFrom Research to Law: Setting the Standards for Data Protection w/ Elvira Perez VallejosStephen Meek sits down with Elvira Perez Vallejos to talk about data protection, especially amongst young people, and how her research has led to changes in digital law.Knowledge, Engaged is brought to you by The Institute of Policy and Engagement at the University of Nottingham, to bring together the ground-breaking research done at Nottingham and you, the listener. Join us as we explore the work the researchers are doing and how it makes a difference in the world around them.For more information about Elvira's work, UnBias, 5Rights and the Institute, please use the...2021-07-2820 min
Social Media and PoliticsTech Advocacy for Children's Digital Rights and the Twisted Toys Campaign, with Baroness Beeban KidronBaroness Beeban Kidron, Chair of the 5Rights Foundation, guests to discuss the recently launched Twisted Toys campaign. We chat about the role of awareness campaigns for tech advocacy, how policymakers respond to children's data protection issues, and the creative design process behind the Twisted Toys campaign.Check out Twisted Toys here!
2021-07-0435 min
New Books in TechnologyS. Livingstone and A. Blum-Ross, "Parenting for a Digital Future: How Hopes and Fears about Technology Shape Children's Lives" (Oxford UP, 2020)In this interview, I talked with Professor Sonia Livingstone about her book Parenting for a Digital Future: How Hopes and Fears about Technology Shape Children’s Lives (Oxford UP, 2020). The book is co-authored with Alicia Blum-Ross who is the Public Policy Lead for Kids & Families at Google. Professor Livingstone is a professor in the Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Her research examines how the changing conditions of mediation are reshaping everyday practices and possibilities for action. She has published 20 books on media audiences, specifically focusing on children and young people’s risk...2021-06-0349 min
New Books in PsychologyS. Livingstone and A. Blum-Ross, "Parenting for a Digital Future: How Hopes and Fears about Technology Shape Children's Lives" (Oxford UP, 2020)In this interview, I talked with Professor Sonia Livingstone about her book Parenting for a Digital Future: How Hopes and Fears about Technology Shape Children’s Lives (Oxford UP, 2020). The book is co-authored with Alicia Blum-Ross who is the Public Policy Lead for Kids & Families at Google. Professor Livingstone is a professor in the Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Her research examines how the changing conditions of mediation are reshaping everyday practices and possibilities for action. She has published 20 books on media audiences, specifically focusing on children and young people’s risk...2021-06-0349 min
Inspiring Leadership with Jonathan Bowman-Perks MBE#157: Sir Peter Wanless – CEO at NSPCCPeter has been CEO at the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children since 2013. Under his leadership, through challenging financial and operational times for an organisation that relies overwhelmingly on voluntary donations, the NSPCC has played a central role in efforts to prevent child abuse and neglect. Impact is achieved by operating and drawing on innovative services including Childline, through advice and support for families, and through its campaigning work, most recently around designing child protection into the online world where young lives are increasingly spent. Peter was previously CEO at the Big Lot...2021-05-1759 min
Uncommons with Nate Erskine-SmithChildren's rights in our digital world with Baroness Beeban KidronBaroness Beeban Kidron joins Nate to discuss children's rights in our digital world, and why we need new rules to protect them. Kidron has been a member of the British House of Lords since 2012. Previously an award-winning filmmaker, her last documentary film InRealLife ultimately led her to become an advocate for children's rights online, which she continues both as a parliamentarian and in her role as Chair of the 5Rights Foundation.Here in Canada, Bill C-11 will strengthen our federal privacy framework, and we expect a new bill to be tabled in the coming months...2021-03-3041 min
Data & SocietyVaccine Passports with Ada Lovelace InstituteTo facilitate a global understanding of possible vulnerabilities that will arise from vaccine passport adoption, we bring together Ranjit Singh, expert on digital identity systems, Amy Fairchild, public health ethicist, and Imogen Parker, head of policy at Ada Lovelace Institute, to discuss the past and future of digital health systems. The conversation is hosted by Data & Society Health and Data Program Director Amanda Lenhart.Speaker BiosAmanda Lenhart (Host)Amanda Lenhart studies how technology affects human lives, with a special focus on families and children. A quantitative and qualitative researcher, Amanda is the Health +...2021-03-2459 min
The Radical AI PodcastMeasurementality #2: Children's Data and SustainabilityWelcome to the second episode of our Measurementality series in partnership with IEEESA!
Our topics today are children and sustainability.
We interview Sandy Pentland of MIT and Baroness Beeban Kidron of the 5Rights Foundation.
Focusing on the key goal of our series, "defining what counts in the algorithmic age," guests will discuss issues like data privacy for children, data agency for all, and how metrics like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and other human rights oriented metrics are being utilized in the design of Artificial Intelligence Systems (AIS).
2021-03-2152 min
Tech Shock - from Parent Zone16: How can we balance children’s right to be online with their right to be safe?As the UNHCR announces that children’s rights apply online, Vicki and Geraldine talk to Tony Stower of 5Rights about what that means for for tech companies, policymakers and parents.Talking points:- How is it helpful to view online harms through the lens of children’s rights?- How do you manage competing rights using the blunt instruments of legislation?- Why has children’s data been overlooked until recently in the harms debate?- Why is end-to-end encryption absolutely terrible for child safety?Tech Shock is a Parent Zone production. Follow Parent Zone on social media...2021-02-1543 min
Thrive - young livesSpecial edition - The Rights of the Child, a discussion with United Nations and 5Rights charityThe United Nations (UN), make international laws (among other incredible things that they do, like peace keeping in war zones!).
They have a conventions (rules) about how to protect children, which every country in the world has signed up to (apart from one). But it doesn't include anything about protecting children and young people online as it was written 30 years ago, before the internet really existed.
So, we were invited to a meeting with international experts in law and technology and children's rights to discuss why this is so important. We talked to UN Members...2019-10-2521 min
The Children‘s Media ConferenceCMC 2018 - Creative Keynote: Beeban KidronIn her 35 years as a screen director, Beeban Kidron has successfully navigated between pop culture hits like ‘Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason’, piercing documentaries like ‘InRealLife’, and taboo-breaking stories, such as BAFTA-winning TV drama ‘Oranges are Not the Only Fruit’. She is passionate about the role stories can play in the development of young people’s identities and their sense of what it is to be human.
In her own words, Beeban says: ‘I left school when I was 16. I did not understand school and it did not understand me. But I did grow up in a world of books...2018-07-0150 min
Reasons Revisited40. SILICON VALLEY SERFS: protecting kids from tech overloadHello! This week we've looked up from our phones to look down at the generation of children addicted to theirs. In the wild west of the internet, children aren't as safe as you may hope and it's not just from adult content. Our guests this week Baroness Beeban Kidron, founder of 5Rights Foundation, and Dr Richard Graham, a Consultant Adolescent Psychiatrist, explain why treating children as adults on their technology is such a worry and what we can do about it.ANDComedian John Robins is banning online comments, issuing chip licenses, alcohol...2018-06-2559 min
Fjord FikaFika with Baroness Beeban Kidron and Daniel HarrisFrom Airbnb’s impact on local rental markets to Uber’s impact on local industries to fake news swaying public opinion, examples of unintended consequences of business on society are numerous. And through it all, Baroness Beeban Kidron, a filmmaker and founder of 5Rights, a campaign that seeks to deliver the established rights of children in all interactions with the digital world, says nobody has thought about the impact on kids growing up in this new world order. In this Fika break, we talk to Kidron about the unintended consequences of today’s digital world, specifically the growing conflict between busine...2017-07-0324 min