Shows
CrashCourseThe Red Summer of 1919: Crash Course Black American History #25During the Red Summer of 1919 violence against Black people broke out across the United States. Black people and neighborhoods were attacked in Washington DC, Chicago, Tulsa, and many other cities and towns across the country. Post-war tension over jobs and civil rights and population shifts like the Great Migration led white Americans to lash out.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935SOURCES:Adrianne Lentz-Smith, Freedom Struggles: African Americans & World War I. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.Balto, Simon, Occupied Territory: Policing Black Chicago from Red Summer...
2026-10-2518 min
CrashCourseWhat Are Rocks and How Do They Form? Crash Course Geography #18From towering mountains to pebbles along a river, the Earth is made of a huge variety of rocks. In today's episode, we're going to follow the rock cycle of a piece of granite in the Himalayan mountains, and as you'll see, every rock has a far-reaching story to tell often millions of years in the making. Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJCrash Course is on Patreon! You...
2026-10-2415 min
CrashCourseThe Gravity of the Situation: Crash Course Astronomy #7In today's episode, Phil looks at how gravity plays out across the universe.This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourseCheck out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster--Chapters:Introduction 00:00Understanding Mass 1:11What is Gravity? 2:17Different Types of Orbit 3:41Escape Velocity 5:30Why Are Astronauts Weightless? 7:03Gravity Warps Space 8:17Review 8:43--PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudiosFollow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer
2026-10-2414 min
CrashCourseHow Does Disease Move? Crash Course Geography #34From outbreaks of measles in the United States and cholera in Haiti to patterns of lead poisoning near gold mines in Nigeria, medical geographers play an important role in tracking disease in the landscape. Today, we're going to look at strategies medical geographers use to help as many people as possible achieve the highest level of health possible. Our sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ldkfmEnwz4BCE76sxR1seA7d2L0jyVxX4Bc9YH0Tqog/edit?usp=sharing Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for...
2026-10-2417 min
CrashCourseIntroduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1Biology is the study of life—a four-letter word that connects you to 4 billion years worth of family tree. The word “life” can be tricky to define, but a shared set of characteristics helps biologists identify living things. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, you’ll learn how all of life is connected, and why studying biology can help us better understand ourselves and our relationship to all living things.Chapters:Welcome to Crash Course Biology! 00:00Life's Characteristics 2:14Is a Virus Alive? 6:18Life Beyond Earth 8:52Biology and You 10:03All Life is Conne...
2026-10-2318 min
CrashCourseThe Scientific Method: Crash Course Biology #2Science offers a way of discovering and understanding the world around us, driven by questions and tested with evidence. And it’s a twisty-turny team effort— you won’t find many lone geniuses out there, or straight lines from hypothesis to conclusion. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll talk about the big picture of how scientific progress is made, from peer review to mathematical models, with some exploding eggs along the way.Chapters:Introduction to Science 00:00The Scientific Method 2:25Science is a Team Effort 5:18The Scientific Theory 7:59Peer Review 9:50Scien...
2026-10-2221 min
CrashCourseThe US Constitution, 3/5, and the Slave Trade Clause: Crash Course Black American History #9The drafting and adoption of the United States Constitution recalled many of the high ideals of liberty and freedom that were espoused during the Revolutionary War. But the compromises that were made to get all of the new states on board to ratify the Constitution undermined those ideals in a lot of ways. Today we'll learn about the 3/5 Clause and the Fugitive Slave clause, which entrenched the institution of slavery in the fundamental law of the new United States. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935VIDEO SOURCES
2026-10-2214 min
CrashCourseWhat Biologists Do: Crash Course Biology #3A biologist’s natural habitat is anywhere questions about life are being asked—whether the subject is a nematode or a narwhal, a single cell, or a whole ecosystem. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’re flipping the microscope around to show how biologists’ work goes down. Along the way, we’ll learn why zebrafish and fruit flies are some of biology’s next top models.Chapters:Studying Life 00:00Your Local Biologist 1:20Biologists At Work 3:05Real Life Biologists 5:17Model Organisms 8:49Review & Credits 11:10This series was produced in collaboratio...
2026-10-2217 min
CrashCourseHow Life is Organized: Crash Course Biology #4Here on Earth, life is dizzyingly diverse—but it’s also surprisingly organized. A sense of order structures life and its processes, from the tiniest cell to the total sum of every living thing. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll uncover the levels of biological organization, discover soil’s superpowers, and find out why the biosphere is kind of like a really, really long train. Chapters:Life's Layers 00:00Themes of Life 1:54Form Fits Function 4:08Regulation 5:29Levels of Organization 6:39Life's Flows 9:55Review & Credits 12:15This series was produced...
2026-10-2219 min
CrashCourseIntro to Ecology: Why Did All These Elephants Die?: Crash Course Biology #5Ecology is the study of the interactions of living things with each other and their environment. It’s a field that not only lets us explore the interconnections between living things, but also how our environment affects us, and how we influence it in turn. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll get an overview of the field of ecology, see how matter and energy are conserved and transferred through ecosystems, and follow an ecological mystery surrounding the deaths of hundreds of elephants in Botswana, Africa. Chapters:An Ecological Mystery 00:00Biotic & Abiotic Factors 1:13E...
2026-10-2219 min
CrashCourseUranus and Neptune: Crash Course Astronomy #19Today we’re rounding out our planetary tour with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Both have small rocky cores, thick mantles of ammonia, water, and methane, and atmospheres that make them look greenish and blue. Uranus has a truly weird rotation and relatively dull weather, while Neptune has clouds and storms whipped by tremendous winds. Both have rings and moons, with Neptune’s Triton probably being a captured iceball that has active geology.This episode was brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourseCheck out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here...
2026-10-2117 min
CrashCourseTelescopes: Crash Course Astronomy #6Today Phil explains how telescopes work and offers up some astronomical shopping advice.Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster--Chapters:Introduction 00:00How do Telescopes Work? 0:47Refraction 2:50Magnification 3:48Resolution 4:28Reflectors 5:19What Kind of Telescope Should You Buy? 6:19Technology and the Light Spectrum 7:45Review 11:14--Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse--PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube...
2026-10-2117 min
CrashCourseHow Does the Earth Create Different Landforms? Crash Course Geography #20Cliffs and canyons, beaches and dunes, floodplains and river valleys, plateaus and mountains — these are all products of a restless Earth. In today’s episode we’re going to take a closer look at how landforms greatly influence how people live and derive meaning and a sense of place. From the hills and ponds we see everyday to impressive landscapes like Uluru in Australia or the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia they all have stories to tell. SOURCESPetersen, et al 2011. Fundamentals of Physical Geography. CengageChristopherson, R.W. 2010: Elemental Geosystems. Prentice HallStrahler, A. 2011. Introd...
2026-10-2118 min
CrashCoursePopulation Ecology: How We Saved the Bald Eagle: Crash Course Biology #7When the Bald Eagle population started to decline in the mid-20th century, scientists began to ask why. Population ecology, the study of organisms of the same species, played a big role in answering that question. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll take a look at the methods population ecologists use to study a population and the types of data they collect. We’ll also find out how scientists helped bring the Bald Eagle back from the brink. Chapters: Introduction to Population Ecology 00:00Density 2:51Dispersion 6:02Demographics 7:13Population Growth 8:22Revi...
2026-10-2018 min
CrashCoursePopulation Genetics: Why do we have different skin colors?: Crash Course Biology #14In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll learn about the ways population genetics reveals how groups of living things evolve—by comparing genetic similarities and differences. We’ll discover the most genetically diverse species of all (hint: it’s not us), find out why “race” isn’t the biologically valid category we’ve made it out to be, and learn there’s much more in our DNA that we share than that sets us apart.Chapters:Population Genetics 00:00Genetic Diversity 2:34Levels of Genetic Diversity 3:56Melanin Variation 5:57Clines & Ancestry 8:13Race & Society 8:51Re...
2026-10-2018 min
CrashCourseWhat Are Volcanoes? Crash Course Geography #21Today we’re going to take a closer look at these beautiful but dangerous landforms as we explore the different types of volcanoes and trace the patterns of volcanic activity around the world. From the explosive power of a stratovolcano like Mount St. Helens in Washington to the quiet but consistent eruptions of a shield volcano like Kīlauea in Hawaiʻi, volcanoes are like windows into the center of the Earth helping us understand more about how it all works. Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Appl...
2026-10-2017 min
CrashCourseWomen's Experience Under Slavery: Crash Course Black American History #11Slavery was inherently cruel and unjust, and it was cruel and unjust to different people in different ways. Today, Clint Smith teaches you about the experience of enslaved women, and how their experience of slavery was different than men. Women had a unique vantage point to understand slavery, and were particularly vulnerable to some terrible abuses under the institution.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935SOURCES- Samuel H. Williamson & Louis Cain, "Measuring Slavery in 2016 dollars," MeasuringWorth, 2020. -"A Prelude to War: The 1850s." African...
2026-10-1917 min
CrashCoursePolitical Thought in the Harlem Renaissance: Crash Course Black American History #27When we think about the Harlem Renaissance, the arts come immediately to mind. But new political theories were also blossoming during this time. We've talked about Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois, but today we'll get into some other thinkers with different ideas about civil rights, fair labor practices, and Black nationalism.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935SourcesAngela Davis, Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude ‘Ma’ Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998).Keisha N. Blain, Set the Worl...
2026-10-1918 min
CrashCourseWhat is Weathering? Crash Course Geography #22Weathering breaks down rocks and creates sediments which become the raw materials for other rocks and the formation of our soils. And we call the process of moving that sediment erosion. In today's episode, we're just going to focus on the weathering part. We'll discuss mechanical, chemical, and biological weathering and take you on a tour of some of the landscapes they help shape from landslides and sinkholes to caves! Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload here for...
2026-10-1916 min
CrashCourseEclipses: Crash Course Astronomy #5The big question in the comments last week was, "BUT WHAT ABOUT ECLIPSES?" Today, Phil breaks 'em down for you.This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourseCheck out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster--As promised, Phil's sun spotting recommendations:Astronomers Without Borders (charitable org): http://store.astronomerswithoutborders.org/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=8&products_id=3Rainbow Symphony glasses: http://www.rainbowsymphony.com/soleclipse.htmlWide variety of viewers...
2026-10-1914 min
CrashCourseJupiter's Moons: Crash Course Astronomy #17Before moving on from Jupiter to Saturn, we’re going to linger for a moment on Jupiter’s moons. There are 67 known moons, 4 of which are the huge ones that we want to explore in greater detail. Ganymede is the largest - larger, in fact, than any other moon in the solar system and the planet Mercury! Callisto, orbiting the farthest out, is smaller but quite similar to Ganymede in many ways. Io, meanwhile, is most noteworthy for its tremendous volcanic activity. There’s also water on Ganymede and Europa!This episode was brought to you by Square...
2026-10-1914 min
CrashCourseThe Louisiana Rebellion of 1811: Crash Course Black American History #12Uprisings of enslaved people in the United States were not uncommon, and they had a big influence on how the institution of slavery evolved. One uprising that gets less attention, historically, is the German Coast Uprising that took place in Louisiana in 1811. A group of enslaved people rebelled, and the after-effects would be felt in Louisiana and throughout the nation for decades.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935Sources-https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/12/haiti-was-first-nation-permanently-ban-slavery/-Philippe R. Girard, The Slaves Who Defeated Napolean, (Tuscaloosa: Univ...
2026-10-1817 min
CrashCourseHow Rivers Shape the Landscape: Crash Course Geography #23Today we're going to talk about rivers and how these dynamic, delicate, yet powerful systems are able to constantly change the landscape. We'll focus on the Zambezi River in Southeast Africa following its main features from the tributaries that feed into it in the upper course, to the deafening wonder that is Mosi-oa-Tunya waterfall (also called as Victoria Falls) in the middle course, all the way to the delta as the river flows into the Indian Ocean. Along the way, we'll teach you all about why rivers meander, why some rivers have rapids and others are calm, and how...
2026-10-1716 min
CrashCourseThe Rise of Cotton: Crash Course Black American History #13Cotton is everywhere in our modern world, and it became a hugely important crop in the 19th century United States. Cotton was a huge economic boon to the US, and much of that wealth was built on the backs of enslaved laborers. And cotton didn't only benefit the states where slavery was legal. While cotton was mainly grown in the southern states, much of that cotton was processed in northern textile mills. Today we'll learn about the growth of the cotton industry, who benefitted from it, and who was left out.Clint's book, How the Word is...
2026-10-1617 min
CrashCourseMaria Stewart: Crash Course Black American History #14Clint Smith teaches you about Maria Stewart, a Black woman who lived in the 19th century, and was a pioneering abolitionist, writer, and orator. When studying history, we often focus on the big picture and world-changing events. Today we'll focus on how one woman flouted the social conventions of her time and place and became a notable public speaker, thinker, and writer.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935VIDEO SOURCES-http://www.davidwalkermemorial.org/david-walker-https://time.com/5786710/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality/-https://www.law.columbia.edu...
2026-10-1517 min
CrashCourseWhy Does Jakarta Flood So Easily? Crash Course Geography #24Today we're going to talk about how and why floods happen both in spite of, and because of, us. Specifically, we'll take a closer look at the island of Java, and its largest city, Jakarta, and explain the factors that lead to serious flooding almost annually. We'll also show you how mangroves can help protect us from flooding, and how wetlands along floodplains act like the kidneys of the Earth filtering out impurities and pollutants. Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4...
2026-10-1515 min
CrashCourseBlack Holes | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #5"The Big Sink"In this episode, John and Katie take a break from talking through the universe's timeline to focus on a mystery of our cosmos: black holes.Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi...
2026-10-151h 13
CrashCourseThe Story of Dark Matter | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #6"How do we know that dark matter is there?" In this episode, Dr. Katie Mack and John Green unpack the full story of dark matter.Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.This show is a production of Complexly. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse ***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https...
2026-10-141h 16
CrashCourseAnimal Behavior: Why This Toad Is Bad at Jumping: Crash Course Biology #49Why do animals do what they do? It’s a huge question, and in this episode, we’ll learn how scientists break it down. We’ll talk about the proximate and ultimate studies they use to understand animal behavior, and some of what they’ve learned along the way — including how much decision-making other animals are really doing.Introduction: Animal Behavior 00:00Proximate Level 02:01Ultimate Level 03:06Innate Behaviors 04:30Complex Behaviors 06:34Review & Credits 09:35This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and qualit...
2026-10-1416 min
CrashCourseWar and Expansion: Crash Course US History #17In which John Green teaches you about the Mexican-American War in the late 1840s and the expansion of the United States into the western end of North America. In this episode of Crash Course, US territory finally reaches from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific Ocean. After Oregon was secured from the UK and the southwest was ceded by Mexico, that is. Famous Americans abound in this episode, including James K Polk (Young Hickory, Napoleon of the Stump), Martin Van Buren, Zachary Taylor, and Winfield Scott. You'll also learn about the California Gold Rush of 1848, and California's admission as...
2026-10-1418 min
CrashCourseBiology and You: The Dr. Sammy Show: Crash Course Biology #50Biology connects all of life—all of YOUR life. In the final episode of Crash Course Biology, Dr. Sammy is taking your questions. No matter how big, small, or personal, biology is in them all! He’ll show us how biology can help us solve problems and understand everyday life. Introduction: Biology and You 00:00Stress Response 01:27Ecological Niches 3:15Water Solvency 4:34Unity of Life 6:16Biology as a Career 7:50Evolution 9:13Final Review & Credits 10:47This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with...
2026-10-1417 min
CrashCourseWhat’s Keeping the Stars Apart | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #7In this episode, Katie Mack and John Green discuss the wonder keeping the stars apart... dark energy.Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.This show is a production of Complexly. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Chapters0:00 - Introduction1:25 - Reviewing our Timeline6:05 - Reviewing Redshift & Introducing the Hubble Tension19:14 - Cosmic Noon & Galactic Archaeology32:30...
2026-10-141h 08
CrashCourseThe Underground Railroad: Crash Course Black American History #15Escape was one of the many ways that enslaved people resisted their captivity in the system of American slavery. The Underground Railroad was not literally a railroad. It was a network of people, routes, and safe houses that helped people escape from slavery in the south to freedom in the north. Today we'll talk about the origins of the Underground Railroad, the systems that helped people escape, and the people who helped along the route.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935SOURCEShttps://www.newyorker.com...
2026-10-1417 min
CrashCourseLife In Our Universe | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #8In this episode, Katie Mack and John Green discuss why life was able to happen. Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.This show is a production of Complexly. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Chapters0:00 Introduction2:10 The Elements We're Made Of25:25 Our Solar System Forms31:04 Life on Earth41:32 Life on Other Planets55:33 The Human...
2026-10-141h 10
CrashCourseGroundwater and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Crash Course Geography #25The Arab-Israeli Conflict, which is the ongoing political tensions and military conflicts between Arab nations and Israel, is one of the longest and most complex disputes in the world. Today, we're going to focus on more recent events, and look specifically at the role groundwater plays in preventing a pathway to peace between Israelis and Palestinians. Groundwater makes up the largest portion of available fresh water on Earth, but as we'll see, access isn't always fair and its availability doesn't always line up neatly with political borders. ***Watch our videos and review your learning with the...
2026-10-1316 min
CrashCourseThe Future | Crash Course Pods: The Universe #10In this episode, Dr. Katie Mack gives John Green an idea of what to expect for the future of our universe. Head to https://policygenius.com/crashcourse to get your free life insurance quotes and see how much you could save.***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course...
2026-10-131h 06
CrashCourseThe Dred Scott Decision: Crash Course Black American History #16In this video, we'll learn about the US Supreme Court decision in Scott vs Sanford, handed down in 1857. The case ultimately rejected the idea that Black people could be citizens of the United States, and this helped entrench the institution of slavery, denied a host of rights to a huge number of people (both enslaved and free), and increased the tensions between abolitionists and enslavers.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935VIDEO SOURCEShttps://www.britannica.com/event/Missouri-CompromiseDon E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott...
2026-10-1216 min
CrashCourseVenus: Crash Course Astronomy #14Venus is a gorgeous naked-eye planet, hanging like a diamond in the twilight -- but its beauty is best looked at from afar. Even though Mercury is closer to the sun, Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, due to a runaway greenhouse effect, and has the most volcanic activity in the solar system. Its north and south poles were flipped, causing it to rotate backward and making for very strange days on this beautiful but inhospitable world.This episode is brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourseCheck out...
2026-10-1215 min
CrashCourseWorld War II: Black American History #31Black Americans have long fought in America's wars, very often fighting for a country that doesn't always fight for them. Today we'll learn about the experience of Black Americans in World War II. We'll look at the ways Black men and women served in the armed services during the war, and look at life on the homefront.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935SOURCES:Chateauvart, Melinda, Marching Together: Women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1998)Todd Moye, Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World...
2026-10-1117 min
CrashCourseFrederick Douglass: Crash Course Black American History #17Clint Smith teaches you about one of the most famous writers, orators, and advocates of the 19th century, Frederick Douglass. Douglass was born in slavery, escaped to the North, and became one of the most influential people of his time. Douglass wrote about the experience of slavery in a way that captured the attention of people throughout the world, and his work and influence helped directly in the struggle to abolish slavery and achieve emancipation.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935Watch our videos and review your...
2026-10-1117 min
CrashCourseWhat Are Glaciers? Crash Course Geography #26Today we’re going to talk about glaciers. These behemoth globs of compressed ice and snow moving across the land created fertile soils and physical features while also serving as frozen time capsules. They recorded both Earth’s climatic history over several million years and contain clues to its climatic future. By now we hope it’s become clear that the Earth is ever-changing, and glaciers have often been a crucial part of that change from the erratic boulders found in New York City’s Central Park to the beautiful spire of the Matterhorn in the Alps on the border o...
2026-10-1016 min
CrashCourseBlack Americans in the Civil War: Crash Course Black American History #18The American Civil War is one of the deadliest in US History, and let's just get this out of the way: it was about slavery. In the more than 150 years since the end of the Civil War, there have been many attempts to litigate the reasons for the war, but the reality is that the root of the division was slavery. As such, Black Americans experience in that war is particularly interesting. Today, we'll learn about how Black people fought and participated in the war, the Emancipation Proclamation, and lots more.Clint's book, How the Word is...
2026-10-0919 min
CrashCourseFungi: Death Becomes Them - CrashCourse Biology #39Death is what fungi are all about. By feasting on the deceased remains of almost all organisms on the planet, converting the organic matter back into soil from which new life will spring, they perform perhaps the most vital function in the global food web. Fungi, which thrive on death, make all life possible.Table of Contents1) Biolography 02:072) Structure 04:533) The Decomposers 06:104) The Mutualists 06:385) The Predators 07:236) The Parasites 07:357) Reproduction 08:24References http://www.pearsonhighered.com/campbell/ http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Reference/Subjectareareference/?view=usa...
2026-10-0917 min
CrashCourseThe Plants and The Bees: Plant Reproduction - CrashCourse Biology #38Hank gets into the dirty details about vascular plant reproduction: they use the basic alternation of generations developed by nonvascular plants 470 million years ago, but they've tricked it out so that it works a whole lot different compared to the way it did back in the Ordovician swamps where it got its start. Here's how the vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) do it.Table of Contents1) Sporophyte Dominance 01:552) Ferns 02:143) Gymnosperms 03:354) Angiosperms 05:335) Truth or Fail: Fruit Edition! 08:28References:http://www.home.aone.net.au/~byzantium/ferns/about.html...
2026-10-0914 min
CrashCourseNatural Hazards: Crash Course Geography #27Today we wrap up the first half of our series on physical geography by taking a closer look at natural hazards - which are physical processes like heat waves and cyclones, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and floods and droughts. And when these natural events cause significant harm to humans, we call them natural disasters. So today we'll explore the ways geographers analyze and track these events, and take a closer look at the human impact of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and The Boxing Day Tsunami on the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Watch our videos and review...
2026-10-0916 min
CrashCourseOld and Odd: Archaea, Bacteria and Protists - CrashCourse Biology #35Hank veers away from human anatomy to teach us about the (mostly) single-celled organisms that make up two of the three taxonomic domains of life, and one of the four kingdoms: Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists. They are by far the most abundant organisms on Earth and are our oldest, oddest relatives.References: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Protists.htmlhttp://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/prokeuk.htmhttp://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/03_00/gandg_quickswitch_3_24.shtmlhttp://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm:http://www.ucmp...
2026-10-0817 min
CrashCourseThe Reproductive System: How Gonads Go - CrashCourse Biology #34Hank lets us in on the meaning of life, at least from a biological perspective - it's reproduction, which answers the essential question of all organisms: how do I make more of myself? So, sex, how does it work? Table of Contents1) Gametes: Ova and Sperm 2:272) Sex Determination 4:593) Secondary Sexual Characteristics 6:484) Female Reproductive Structures 7:25a) Uterus & Oviducts 7:40b) Endometrium (Menstruation) 7:57c) Cervix & Vagina 8:325) Male Reproductive Structures 8:45a) Scrotum, Sminferous Tubules & Epididymas 8:59b) Penis 9:37c) Vas Deferens to Eurethra (Emission) 10:13 Referenceshttp://www.sciencemag...
2026-10-0817 min
CrashCourseThe Moon: Crash Course Astronomy #12Join Phil for a tour of our capital-M Moon, from surface features, inside to the core, and back in time to theories about its formation.This episode is brought to you by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourseCheck out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster--Chapters:Introduction: The Moon 00:00How Big is the Moon? 0:54Internal Structure of the Moon 1:56The Moon's Surface: Highlands and Maria 2:15How the Moon Formed: The Giant Impact Hypothesis 3:42The Moon's...
2026-10-0814 min
CrashCourseGreat Glands - Your Endocrine System: CrashCourse Biology #33Hank fills us in on the endocrine system - the system of glands that produce and secrete different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development & function.References:http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/anatomy.htmlhttp://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/index.htmlhttp://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine/v/intro-to-the-endocrine-systemhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540080http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9807636http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(98)00169-3/abstractTable...
2026-10-0816 min
CrashCourseReconstruction: Crash Course Black American History #19At the end of the Civil War, the United States was still a very divided place. 700,000 people had died in a bitter fight over slavery. Reconstruction was the political process meant to bring the country back together. It was also the mechanism by which the country would extend the rights of citizenship to Black Americans, particularly those who had been recently emancipated. Today we'll learn about the Reconstruction amendments, the Freedman's Bureau, and the election of 1876, among other things.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935Watch our...
2026-10-0819 min
CrashCourseBig Guns: The Muscular System - CrashCourse Biology #31Hank tells us the story of the complicated chemical dance that allows our skeletal muscles to contract and relax.Table of Contents1) Cardiac, Smooth, & Skeletal Muscles 01:092) Muscle Anatomy 02:03a) Muscle Fibers 03:07b) Myofibrils 04:15:1c) Sarcomeres 04:19:1d) Myofilaments 04:37:23) Biolography 05:37:14) Sliding Filament Model 07:47Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
2026-10-0818 min
CrashCourseThe Skeletal System: It's ALIVE! - CrashCourse Biology #30Hank introduces us to the framework of our bodies, our skeleton, which apart from being the support and protection for all our fleshy parts, is involved in many other vital processes that help our bodies to function properly. Table of Contents1) Endoskeleton 2:032) Biolography 3:273) New Bone Formation 6:364) Bone Structure 8:005) Bone Remodeling 9:48References:Campbell Biology, 9th ed.http://faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/animals&plantsbook/animals/07-Arthropods.htmhttp://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/Size.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308163http://www.shwachmandiamondamerica...
2026-10-0718 min
CrashCourseWhat is Human Geography? Crash Course Geography #28For the next half of this series, we will be discussing Human Geography — so we’ll still be looking at the Earth, but specifically, how human activity affects and is influenced by the Earth. Naturally, we thought the best place to start was to discuss how we name things in the first place! As it turns out, a name carries so much history of a place but also represents the political power and evolving perception of that space. So today, we’re going to tell the story of the highest point in North America - a mountain known by many n...
2026-10-0714 min
CrashCourseThe Excretory System: From Your Heart to the Toilet - CrashCourse Biology #29Hank takes us on a fascinating journey through our excretory system to learn how our kidneys make pee. Referenceshttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookexcret.htmlhttp://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/the-kidney-and-nephronCampbell Biology, 9th ed. Table of Contents1) Homeostasis & Osmoregulation 00:002) Urea & Uric Acid 01:303) Kidneys 02:494) Nephron 03:405) Glomerulus 4:156) Bowman's Capsule 04:257) Proximal Convoluted Tubule 04:498) Biolography 06:169) Loop of Henle 07:3610) Distal Convoluted Tubule 09:2311) Collecting Ducts 09:5712) Ureters, Bladder & Urethra 10:45Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us...
2026-10-0717 min
CrashCourseThe Digestive System: CrashCourse Biology #28Hank takes us through the bowels of the human digestive system and explains why it's all about surface area.Table of Contents1) Surface Area to the Max! 3:212) Mouth to Esophagus 5:233) Stomach 6:384) Small Intestine 7:555) Large Intestine 9:44ReferencesCampbell Biology, 9th ed.http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071008102334.htmCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter...
2026-10-0717 min
CrashCourseCirculatory and Respiratory Systems - CrashCourse Biology #27Hank takes us on a trip around the body - we follow the circulatory and respiratory systems as they deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from cells, and help make it possible for our bodies to function.Table of Contents1) Respiratory System 00:482) Simple Diffusion 00:553) Respiratory Anatomy 02:35a) Trachea to Capillaries 03:104) Lung Function & Thoracic Diaphragm 04:375) Circulatory System 05:356) Circulatory Anatomy 05:54a) Left Ventricle to Capillary Beds 06:50b) Veins to Left Atrium 08:467) Endotherms & Ectotherms 09:20References:http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/circulatory-system-and-the-hearthttp://www.khanacademy...
2026-10-0716 min
CrashCourseThe Nervous System - CrashCourse Biology #26Hank begins a series of videos on organ systems with a look at the nervous system and all of the things that it is responsible for in the body. References:http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/actionpot.htmlhttp://brainconnection.positscience.com/topics/?main=fa/zebrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_sheath_gaphttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/nervecellsandnerves/nerve_cells_and_nerves.shtmlCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to...
2026-10-0717 min
CrashCourseAnimal Behavior - CrashCourse Biology #25Hank and his cat Cameo help teach us about animal behavior and how we can discover why animals do the things they do.References: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/actionpot.htmlhttp://brainconnection.positscience.com/topics/?main=fa/zebrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_sheath_gaphttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/nervecellsandnerves/nerve_cells_and_nerves.shtmlCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the...
2026-10-0615 min
CrashCourseChordates - CrashCourse Biology #24Hank introduces us to ourselves by taking us on a journey through the fascinatingly diverse phyla known as chordata. And the next time someone asks you who you are, you can give them the facts: you're a mammalian amniotic tetrapodal sarcopterygian osteichthyen gnathostomal vertebrate cranial chordate.Table of Contents:1) Chordate Synapomorphies 1:042) Cephalachordata 1:203) Urochordata 3:164) Vertebrata 3:49a) Myxini 4:30b) Petromyzontida 4:51c) Chondrichthyes 5:32d) Osteichthyes 6:055) Biolography 7:296) Amphibia 9:027) Reptilia 9:478) Mammalia 10:57References:http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/chordates.htmlhttp://faculty.fmcc.suny.edu...
2026-10-0617 min
CrashCourseMineral Extraction: Crash Course Geography #44Today we're going to take a look at mineral extraction -- or the removal of rocks and minerals from the Earths' crust -- and examine how this human activity impacts all aspects of Geography. We'll focus on the Democratic Republic of the Congo and take a look at how the mining of minerals such as cobalt, has significantly impacted life in this region.Sourceshttps://docs.google.com/document/d/1YdZ--u297RHCKLEzFI7YxjuxVtweDttWT9Au1MQlV94/edit?usp=sharing Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for...
2026-10-0616 min
CrashCourseComplex Animals: Annelids and Arthropods - CrashCourse Biology #23Hank continues our exploration of animal phyla with the more complexly organized annelida and arthropoda, and a biolography on insects.References:http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100726222316.htmhttp://tlc.howstuffworks.com/home/earthworm-appreciation-day.htmhttp://annelidsf.blogspot.com/http://www.bukisa.com/articles/41743_amazing-facts-about-arthropods#ixzz1sXW1Jigphttp://www.ehow.com/about_6292974_interesting-crustaceans.htmlCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook...
2026-10-0618 min
CrashCourseRace, Ethnicity, and the Cultural Landscape: Crash Course Geography #29Sometimes culture can seem invisible like when we're surrounded by signals that tell us we're with others who are like us, but if we live or travel somewhere where the traits that define social norms are not our traits, culture can suddenly seem everywhere. In the next few episodes, we're going to start exploring the fundamental aspects of culture and how those with and without power are affected by culture, from cultural mixing to cultural violence. We'll also discuss the differences between race, ethnicity, and culture, and help you can spot the warning signs that often lead to xenophobia...
2026-10-0617 min
CrashCourseIda B. Wells: Crash Course Black American History #20In this video, we'll learn about the life story of journalist, orator, teacher, suffragette, and anti-lynching activist Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Ida B. Wells made her name writing and speaking and working to improve the lives of Black Americans. She wrote for a number of outlets, and covered a wide array of issues. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload here for Android Devices...
2026-10-0516 min
CrashCourseCrashCourse Biology Outtakes with Hank GreenHank makes mistakes. Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
2026-10-0508 min
CrashCourseHow Are Cities Organized? Crash Course Geography #46Today we’re going to take a closer look at cities, examine how these large complex structures are organized, and identify patterns and differences in land use around the world. We'll begin with a quick recap of Central Place Theory, then we'll show you how the Concentric Zone Model can approximate the development of Chicago in the United States. Then, we'll take a closer look at colonial port cities, the development of industrial zones and financial districts, and the patchwork of immigrant communities that often developed around them in cities such as Boston in the United States. And finally, we...
2026-10-0417 min
CrashCoursePlessy v Ferguson and Segregation: Crash Course Black American History #21The United States Constitution is not a very detailed document. It lays out the basic structure of government, and the details are filled in with legislation and clarified and reinforced by court decisions. One of the most consequential Supreme Court decisions was the 1896 case of Plessy v Ferguson, which set the precedent that segregating people by race was acceptable. This meant that every public accommodation had the right to refuse to serve Black Americans and that even public institutions like schools could be segregated. While the decision did stipulate that the segregated accommodations be "separate but equal," the equal...
2026-10-0314 min
CrashCourseWhat Happens When Science Clashes with the Public?: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #7We know smoking causes cancer. But the journey to that knowledge is way wilder than you think. In our last episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we’ll explore what happens when scientific research clashes with public opinion, individual values, and corporate interests.Introduction: Smoking Causes Cancer 00:00Empirical Evidence 0:39Researching Lung Cancer 1:54Manufactured Doubt 4:15The Fall of Tobacco 7:03Individual Choice & Values 7:36Takeaways from the War on Smoking 8:31Review & Credits 10:43Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq
2026-10-0317 min
CrashCourseCrash Course Geology PreviewWelcome to Crash Course Geology! Over the course of 25 episodes, Sage will introduce you to the incredible geological forces, cycles, and processes that shape our world. This series will explore how geology touches all of our lives — and connects us to a much bigger story.Course DescriptionIn 25 episodes, we’re going to learn about geology—the study of Earth’s physical structure and processes. Our host, Sage, will teach you about the geological forces and cycles that shape our planet’s past, present, and future. This content is based on an introductory university-level curriculum...
2026-10-0305 min
CrashCourseHow to College: PreviewYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 Welcome to Crash Course: How to College! This 15 episode series is part of the Study Hall Program; a partnership between Crash Course and ASU. Dr. Erica Brozovsky (from PBS's Otherwords) hosts and breaks down how to apply for, succeed at, and graduate from college. We hope you'll join us for this journey and check out our all new Study Hall Channel (linked above) where you can watch Fast Guides about college majors and even more series. ***Now yo...
2026-10-0307 min
CrashCourseThe Sun: Crash Course Astronomy #10Phil takes us for a closer (eye safe!) look at the two-octillion ton star that rules our solar system. We look at the sun's core, plasma, magnetic fields, sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and what all of that means for our planet.This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourseCheck out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster--Chapters: Introduction: Our Sun 00:00The Sun's Core 1:28Convection 3:12Photosphere 3:49The Corona & Solar Wind 4:19How long...
2026-10-0317 min
CrashCourseIntro to Geology: Crash Course Geology #1There’s no place like Earth—and we’ve got the planet’s spectacular, one-of-a-kind geology to thank for it. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll explore how geology touches our lives, helps us solve mysteries about the planet’s past and its future, and puts our world life in perspective.Introduction: More Than Rocks 00:00What is Geology 0:40Fall Lines and Settlement Patterns 3:37Jobs of Geologists 5:58Review and Credits 7:59Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0Check out our CC Geolo...
2026-10-0313 min
CrashCourseHow did Earth form?: Crash Course Geology #2What can a moon rock tell us about Earth’s distant past? All kinds of stuff! Like where its water came from, how it got its moon, and what its birth might have looked like. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll stroll down memory lane with the Earth’s baby book, and learn about some of the ways it might have formed. Introduction: An Earth Rock on the Moon 00:00How the Earth Formed 0:36How the Moon Formed 3:39Where Earth's water came from 6:53Where Earth's atmosphere came from 8:01Review and Credit...
2026-10-0213 min
CrashCourseEarth's Crust and Mantle Explained: Crash Course Geology #3Nobody has made it to the center of the Earth—but not for lack of trying. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll journey through the crust and mantle that make up ⅔ of our planet’s insides. We’ll uncover how these layers affect our lives on the surface, and how geologists discover more about them without traveling into Earth’s depths themselves.Introduction: Kola Superdeep Borehole 00:00Project Mohole 0:40The Earth's Crust 3:23The Earth's Mantle 5:33Review & Credits 9:15Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0...
2026-10-0214 min
CrashCourseWhat’s at the center of the earth?: Crash Course Geology #4The crust and the mantle are cool, but Earth’s real hero is its core, which helps protect us from all kinds of stuff. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll take a journey to the center of the Earth to meet our hero, the core.Introduction: A Cold War Mystery 00:00Discovering the Core 0:47The Magnetosphere 3:54Solar Events 5:38Shifting Magnetic Poles 7:43Review & Credits 8:58Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: http...
2026-10-0213 min
CrashCourseHow Do Minerals Form?: Crash Course Geology #5Minerals are amazing and they’re all around us, in the food we eat and even in our very bones. But what actually is a mineral? In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll learn the basics of mineral identification and uncover the surprising connections between minerals and life itself.Introduction: Table Salt 00:00What is a Mineral 0:34Identifying Minerals 2:35Minerals and Life 7:25Review & Credits 8:48Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www...
2026-10-0213 min
CrashCourseThe Rock Episode: Crash Course Geology #6Where do rocks come from? In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll discover how the rock cycle transforms one type of rock into another, while recycling Earth’s materials over and over again.Introduction: Los Cuernos del Paine 00:00Sedimentary Rock 2:25Igneous Rock 4:02Metamorphic Rock 5:20The Rock Cycle 6:19Review & Credits 7:56Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7 ***Support us for...
2026-10-0213 min
CrashCourseBooker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois: Crash Course Black American History #22As the 19th century gave way to the 20th, Black Americans were searching for ways to think about how and where they would fit into a post-slavery society. There were several competing schools of thought. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois were essential to some of the most prominent ideas in this arena.Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload here...
2026-10-0216 min
CrashCourseHow Do Gems Form?: Crash Course Geology #7For most of human history, one thing has been true – we LOVE shiny things. Gems are the crown jewels (pun intended) of geology, and for thousands of years, we’ve wanted to know all about them. In today’s episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll explore some of those burning questions, like, what are they? Where do they come from? And are they actually that special? Learn more with these resources:Human Rights Watch: The Hidden Cost of Jewelry https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/08/hidden-cost-jewelry/human-rights-supply-chains-and-responsibility-jewelryGemological Institute of America: The Color of Responsibility: Ethical...
2026-10-0213 min
CrashCourseWhere Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8Diamonds are a girl’s best friend. But they’re so much more than that. They’re sources of power, wealth, and conflict. They’re tickets into Earth’s deep, ancient past. (And they’re super duper cursed. Well, some of them. Maybe.) Join us to learn more about where these strange gems come from, and the hold they’ve had over us for thousands of years. Learn more with these resources:International Gem Society: Conflict-Free Diamonds: What Does it Mean? https://www.gemsociety.org/article/conflict-free-diamonds/Human Rights Watch: The Hidden Cost of Jewelry https://www.hr...
2026-10-0214 min
CrashCourseHow Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9Drop by drop, water has the power to break rock and create whole new landforms. But how? In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll trace how the water cycle works and how this humble geological force sculpts the land as we know it—faster than you might think.Introduction: Channeled Scablands 00:00Weathering and Erosion 0:44Groundwater 4:21Floods 6:04Review & Credits 9:19Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8d...
2026-10-0214 min
CrashCourseWhat is Plate Tectonics: Crash Course Geology #10A long, long time ago, Earth was home to one giant super continent. So, what happened? In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll break down plate tectonics and how it shapes Earth’s past, present, and future.Introduction: The Ring of Fire 00:00Plate Tectonics 0:34Continental Drift 4:39Future Continental Shifts 7:46Review & Credits 8:46Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7***Support us f...
2026-10-0113 min
CrashCourseTo College or Not To College | Crash Course | How to CollegeYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 What is college? And should you go? In our first episode of Crash Course How to College, Erica talks us through some of the reasons you may or may not want to go after that degree.Dr. Erica Brozovsky (from PBS's Otherwords) hosts and breaks down how to apply for, succeed at, and graduate from college. Check out our all new Study Hall Channel (linked above) where you can watch Fast Guides about college majors and even more se...
2026-10-0115 min
CrashCourseHow did Detroit Become the Motor City? | Industrial Geography | Crash Course Geography #48From shipping routes to airplane traffic to even the Internet, transportation planning is all about designing optimal transportation networks to move goods, information, and people around the globe. Today, we're going to discuss industrial geography by tracing the story of the automotive landscape as it formed across the manufacturing belt of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and show how it wasn't just a coincidence that it overlapped with transportation routes and access to raw materials like coal and iron. We'll show you how Least Cost Theory has been used to explain the location of certain industries and...
2026-10-0116 min
CrashCourseHow to Choose a School | How to College | Crash CourseYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 In this episode of Crash Course: How to College, Erica helps us think about how to best choose the right school for us. There's a lot to think about, like: what kind of learner you are, what kind of environment you like, how to know if your school is looking out for your success, what kinds of support do different schools offer, and of course what do you want to study?Crash Course: How to College is part of...
2026-10-0112 min
CrashCourseSustainable Cities: Crash Course Geography #49From towering skyscrapers covered in trees to zero carbon smart cities, there are so many ways to imagine what a sustainable city of the future might look like. But what does it really mean to be sustainable anyway? Today, we’re going to look at environmental planning and how it intersects with people and the communities they form. Further Reading: Corkscrew Samp Sanctuary - https://corkscrew.audubon.org AJLC at Oberlin - https://www.oberlin.edu/ajlc La Borda Co-Op - http://www.laborda.coop/en/ Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d...
2026-09-3016 min
CrashCourseHow to Apply to College | How to College | Crash CourseYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 Now that we're to the point of actually applying for college, things can get a little overwhelming. But, not to worry, Erica has some helpful ways to manage everything you need to keep track of, fill out, and even ways to save some money in fees. ***Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're sa...
2026-09-3012 min
CrashCourseThe Black Women's Club Movement: Crash Course Black American History #23In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Black American Women were struggling with both racism and misogyny as they fought for their rights. Black Women formed clubs and organized to make sure civil and political rights were extended to ALL Black people, not just Black men. These clubs were grass-roots organizations of middle-class women who were often only one generation removed from slavery. Today we'll learn about the origins of these clubs and some of the notable women who drove this movement. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935
2026-09-3015 min
CrashCourseHow to Pay for College | Crash Course | How to CollegeYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 Paying for college is stressful and there's a lot of research we need to do. So we want to be methodical and patient, and make sure we know what all of our options are. So, in this episode, Erica walks us through how to know our options, what steps to take to get the funding you need to be successful in college. ***Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to...
2026-09-3014 min
CrashCourseIntroduction to the Solar System: Crash Course Astronomy #9In today's Crash Course Astronomy, Phil takes a look at the explosive history of our cosmic backyard. We explore how we went from a giant ball of gas to the system of planets and other celestial objects we have today.This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourseCheck out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster--Chapters:Introduction 00:00Geocentrism vs Heliocentrism 0:51Makeup of the Solar System 2:38Is Pluto a Planet? 3:14Our Solar System 4:24How...
2026-09-3014 min
CrashCourseHow to Choose a Major | Crash Course | How to CollegeYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 Choosing majors can feel overwhelming and even confusing. It can feel like your whole life can be based on this one choice? And then what happens if you figure out you don't even like this major? Well, don't worry, we're here to help. In this episode, Erica talks to us about what majors are, how to choose one, and how to know if you should consider changing your major.***Now you can take top-tier college courses with St...
2026-09-2916 min
CrashCourseChoosing a Specialization | Crash Course | How to CollegeYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 Now that we have a better grasp on chosing majors, let's talk a little about specializations. There's a lot to talk about, from declaring a minor to just taking electives that help you get an edge in the job market. And how do you find out what classes may help in the job market? Erica walks us through ways to find this out and how to think about specialization in your college journey!***Now you can take to...
2026-09-2913 min
CrashCourseFinding Your Place | How to College | Crash CourseYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 One of the most challenging parts of going to college is feeling like you belong. You're away from home, maybe for the first time. You're around a whole new group of people in an entirely new setting. Maybe you're also on your own for the first time. There's a lot to take in and a lot to adjust to. In this episode, Erica goes through ways you can work to make sure you feel like you belong and have a pl...
2026-09-2912 min
CrashCourseHow to Transfer Colleges | Crash Course | How to CollegeYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 Sometimes you realize the school you're attending just isn't right for you. Or, you discover you want to change majors and a different school has a better program. Or, you've completed your gen ed classes at a community college and are ready to transfer to a 4 year institution. For whatever reason, transferring is something we may have to deal with to complete our college journeys. And, yes, it can be a pain. But, in this episode of Crash Course: How to...
2026-09-2912 min
CrashCourseHow to Work in College | Crash Course | How to CollegeYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 Working in college is necessary sometimes. Whether it's for experience, living costs, or extra money, we sometimes need to balance school, life, and work. In this episode of How to College, Erica walks through some of the ways you can find work and make sure you're balancing work with your studies and your personal life. Which are ALL important!***Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no...
2026-09-2912 min
CrashCourseHow to Graduate | How to College | Crash CourseYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 So... you may think that graduating from college is automatic, but it's actually not. You need to be keeping an eye on your progress and talking to your advisors to make sure you're where you need to be so you get to put the cap and gown on and celebrate your accomplishments!***Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to si...
2026-09-2913 min
CrashCourseAfter College | How to College | Crash CourseYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 So, you did it! You're done and now you need to look beyond college. What's next? How do you know what's next? Do you want to go to grad school? To work? In this episode, Erica talks about how to think about what comes after college.***Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're sa...
2026-09-2813 min
CrashCourseFinances After College | How to College | Crash CourseYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 If you've taken out student loans, graduation can start a ticking clock in terms of when your first payments will come due. So it's important to know how to navigate those loan payments and your own finances so you can make sure you're on the path to get your loans paid off and you don't have any negative effects on your finances and credit. ***Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos ar...
2026-09-2812 min
CrashCourseThe Great Migration: Crash Course Black American History #24In 1910, 90% of Black Americans lived in the South. By 1940, around 1.5 million Black Americans had left their homes, and 77% lived in the South. By 1970, 52% of Black Americans remained in the South. People moved away for many reasons, including increased opportunity in the more industrial North and West. They sought a relatively safer life away from the lynchings and violence that were concentrated in the South. This Great Migration shaped 20th-century America in countless ways, but we're going to try to count some of them in this video. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https...
2026-09-2817 min
CrashCourseCelebration and Lifelong Learning | How to College | Crash CourseYou're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1 The end of college isn't the end of your education, it's just the end of a chapter of your education. But before we think about what comes next, we should really pause to celebrate. Congratulate ourselves. The work to get through higher ed is challenging. And it can be really helpful to use a celebration to close the book on it so you're ready to move on to the next chapter. In this final episode of How to College, we ta...
2026-09-2812 min
CrashCourseHow Populations Grow and Change: Crash Course Geography #33Is the world overpopulated or underpopulated? While we worry about there being too many people for the planet to support, we can also worry about how fewer people in a given place may affect the economy, what may happen when there are more elderly people who need care than there are healthcare workers, or even be concerned about how many people are necessary to carry on other aspects of culture. Today, we'll discuss Malthusian and Boserup predictions on the planet's carrying capacity and take a close look at a popular demography tool geographers use to predict population change: the...
2026-09-2814 min