Shows
Diyashika EducationCELL ENVELOPE AND IT’S MODIFICATIONSCELL ENVELOPE AND IT’S MODIFICATIONS
· Bacteria that can take up gram stain is Gram positive bacteria and that does not take up gram stain is gram negative bacteria.
· Cell envelope has 3 layered structure – outermost glycocalyx followed by cell wall and then plasma membrane. it acts as a protective unit.
· Glycocalyx differs in composition and thickness among different bacteria.
1. Slime layer- Made up only polysaccharides. It is a loose sheath.
&n...2020-05-0305 minDiyashika EducationINTRODUCTION TO CELL AND PROKARYOTIC CELLSTOPIC INDEX BIOLOGY/NCERT/ISBN 81-7450-496-6/P125/8.1
INTRODUCTION TO CELL AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
· Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of a living organism.
· Cell theory states that :-
1. All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cell has dense membrane bound st...2020-05-0306 min
Diyashika EducationNodal tissue (pacemaker)Pacemaker
The entire heart muscles are controlled by the heart itself so it is called as myogenic , it does not depend upon CNS for its working.
Heart has specialized cardiac musculature called as nodal tissues, which are distributed in our heart ,which controls heart beating.
SAN (Sino-Atrial Node): SAN is present in the top right corner in right auricle. It is also called as pacemaker also .It is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of heart.
AVN (Atrio-Ventricular Node): AVN is in the lower left corner of right...2020-05-0103 minDiyashika EducationBlood vesselsHi2020-05-0119 min
Diyashika EducationBlood clottingCoagulation of blood
Coagulation of blood is also called as clotting of blood. Have you ever seen the formation of brown coloured scum formed on your wound sometimes , that is called as clot. This clotting is done by blood platelets or thrombocytes.
Process
1. The injured tissues or cells release a substance called thromboplastin or thrombokinase (also known as “X -factor” and Straut Factor).
2. Thromboplastin reacts with calcium ions in our body and converts prothrombinase (which inactivates heparin (anti-coagulant)) into prothrombin (inactive form) present in plasma and again with the help of calc...2020-05-0102 minDiyashika EducationDouble circulationBlood flows twice in the heart before it complete one full round: 1. Pulmonary circulation and 2. Systemic circulation. So blood circulation is called as double circulation.
1. Pulmonary circulation: It is the shortest circulation. Pulmonary artery takes blood from right ventricle to lungs, and after oxygenation of the blood in the lungs, pulmonary veins carry blood from lungs to left auricle of the heart.
2. Systemic circulation: It is long circulation. Aorta which divides further into arteries in the body carries blood from left ventricle to whole body and veins in the body collects the deoxygenated blood from...2020-04-2802 minDiyashika EducationDisorders of circulatory system Disorders of circulatory system
High blood pressure (Hypertension): High blood pressure occurs when normal blood pressure exceeds 140/90 mm of Hg repeatedly (>120/80mm of Hg) .Hypertension can lead to many other heart diseases or kidney problems.
Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD): CAD occurs due to the deposition of fats, cholesterol and calcium etc, which narrows coronary arteries. If T wave in ECG shows flat then it can lead to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), which is also known as atherosclerosis which affects vessels that supply oxygen via blood to the heart muscles (Coronary artery).
...2020-04-2805 min
Diyashika EducationBlood GroupsBlood can be grouped by using two groupings ABO grouping, Rh grouping.
ABO Grouping
Antigens are present on the surface of the RBCs .Therefore, ABO grouping depends on the presence of type of antigen on the RBCs, and namely antigens are only A, B. So blood groups are A, B, AB, and O.
A blood group have only A antigens on the surface of the RBC and B blood group have only B antigens on the surface of the RBCs . Since AB blood group have both A and B antigens on the surface...2020-04-2718 min
Diyashika EducationECGECG is representation of electrical activity of heart during a cardiac cycle. To obtain ECG a patient is connected to a machine that monitors the activity of the heart. Each peak of ECG is identified with a letter from P to T that corresponds to a specific electrical activity of the heart.
P-Wave :It represents depolarization (or electrical excitation) of atria. It leads to contraction of both the atria (Atrial systole).
QRS-Complex :It represents depolarization of ventricles which initiates ventricular contraction (Ventricular systole).
T-Wave: It represents return of ventricles from...2020-04-2604 min
Diyashika EducationAll About HeartHuman circulatory system is also called blood vascular system. Heart is also called myogenic because it is not operated by CNS ,it control itself by nodes.
Heart is situated in the thoracic cavity slightly towards the left in between the lungs this is why left lungs is little smaller than the right one .It has size the of a clenched fist.
Structure
Heart is protected by double walled membrane called as pericardium which is filled by pericardial fluid which prevents friction between two walls during beating of the heart. Heart has four chambers the upper two chambers are called as...2020-04-2610 min