Shows
Bedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryAudience Survey ResultsTwo months ago, I made an audience survey focusing on one topic: how would you like to support the show? Many folks answered, and here's what you said about donations, Patreon, ads, and merch. If you want to give your own opinion, take the survey here, put a comment below, or send a message to bedrock.mailbox@gmail.com.If you'd like to give a donation, you can click here- any amount is appreciated!2025-07-3011 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History42: The Question of LifeNearly 30 years ago, one paper claimed to find the oldest evidence for life on Earth. How does that evidence hold up in 2025? Are these fossils or duds? Don’t panic, we’ll answer these questions to life, the universe, and everything in due time. Along the way, we’ll meet the most abundant mineral in the human body, an important fertilizer, and finish a trilogy of intense debates over a small Greenland isle. Extra Credit: Read The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, eat cake with sprinkles, and make sure to floss afterwards.Donate to support...2025-07-1631 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History41: The Oldest SeafloorIn 1991, a mysterious, striped red and gray rock was discovered on a cold Greenland isle. Years later, this rock would rock the scientific world with multiple debates about the early oceans and life. What exactly is this rock, and why do we care? Stay tuned, and on the way, we’ll learn how scientists can officially argue with each other.Extra Credit: Eat something with peanut butter and chocolate, pet a large and a small dog, or make sure your vaccines are up to date!Donate to support the show- anything is appreciated!Cl...2025-07-0232 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History40: The Time WarHow old is the oldest slice of Earth's seafloor? The answer is more contentious than you would think. Today, we visit one of the most debated locations in the show: a small island off the Greenland shore named Akilia. Everything about these rocks has been contested, and we'll meet three scientists who form cornerstones of the debates.Extra Credit: Watch something on an old CRT TV, or count tree rings in a stump.2025-06-1829 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History39: The Shattered PlanetEarth’s crust is shattered into dozens of moving plates, but many other worlds operate very differently. What are some alternatives to plate tectonics?Today, we’ll compare tectonics on Earth with tectonics on other planets, through the lens of 3.9 billion-year-old rocks from Greenland. On the way, we’ll visit the westernmost town in the USA, visit one of our cosmic neighbors, and learn about the Occam’s Razor of geology.Extra Credit: find today’s planet in the night sky, drop a pebble every day this week and see if anything changes, or read “The Long Rai...2025-06-0437 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History38: Hidden GemsThis season's final arc is set in Greenland. Let's start with the most common rocks in the region: what are they and what stories do they tell about the world 3.9 billion years ago?Along the way, we'll weave a tapestry of stone, boil some rocks, and learn a bit about Dylan's birthstone. Extra credit: try the Play-Doh experiment from this episode, or make some stone soup.Click here for the audience survey!Donate to support the show- anything is appreciated!2025-05-2232 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryBedrock Returns! How to Support the ShowWe're back! After nearly a year, Dylan has updates about his life and the future of the show. Please take the audience survey in the link below to let Dylan know how you'd like to support the show! Also, please check out the donate button if you like what you've heard so far.Click here for the audience survey!Donate to support the show- anything is appreciated!2025-05-2009 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryLife Update: The Job HuntHi folks,If you’re a long-term listener, you know this show often takes long, multi-week breaks. This break has been much longer than normal, and will likely continue for a few months. What’s going on?Right now, I have one goal on my mind: to find a new, permanent job.My three-year contract at Grand Valley State University will end in April. I knew this going in, and it’s public information, so don’t worry about any dirt being spilled. In the past three months I have applied for dozens of jobs...2024-11-0802 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistorySchedule Update: Iceland Field TripHi folks! I've just been invited by my university to join a field trip to Iceland next week, one of the best spots in the world to study geology. This means there will be a slight hiccup in our programming. Episode 38 will drop early next week, while Episode 39 will hopefully drop the first week of August. If I have time and space, I might try some experimental episodes from Iceland itself, field diaries and interviews, but no promises yet. As always, thanks for your patience and support!2024-07-1102 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History37: MetamorphosisWhy are some ancient rocks well-preserved, while others are extremely messed up? Today, we'll take a side quest from our Greenland arc to learn more about metamorphosis, which changes rocks beneath our feet. On the way, we'll transform toast into cookies, take an elevator ride deep into the crust, and meet an ancient rock with a babyface. Extra credit: make some toast, or go looking for butterflies.2024-06-2729 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History36: The Ghosts of GreenlandWhat is the oldest *major* slice of rock, one that's relatively well-preserved, one that's fueled a half-century of research? The episode's name kinda gives it away, but stay tuned as we meet the last location of Season 2: a series of rocks near Greenland's capital. Along the way, we'll meet the different groups of people who have settled on this remote island, and a geologist from the other side of the world. I'll also take a brief detour into why I unfortunately can't talk about every single ancient rock out there. Extra Credit: Find a choir...2024-06-1222 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History35: The Man in the MoonHow did the Man in the Moon form? What does the Moon's Far Side look like? Today, we'll learn about the most visible remnant of the ancient world- the pattern of dark lunar rocks that stares down on us each night. On the way, we'll hitch a ride with a flying fax machine, play a game with crystals in magma, and learn why bananas are slightly radioactive (and why that doesn't really matter). Extra Credit: Try to send me a fax, or just eat a banana.2024-05-2924 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History34: BombardmentWhen did the Moon's craters form? Can they tell us any stories about the ancient Solar System? Today, we'll learn some early explanations for lunar features, meet a "lunatic asylum" of planetary geologists, and learn how the larger planets might have bullied their smaller neighbors. Extra Credit: Watch Apollo 13, or The Right Stuff.2024-05-1522 min
The Common Descent PodcastSpotlight 2024 - Dylan Wilmeth, BedrockWelcome to Spotlight 2024! In this series, we’re sitting down with our fellow paleo-podcasters to discuss Science Communication.
This episode, we’re joined by Dylan Wilmeth, host of Bedrock: Earth’s Earliest History!
Find Dylan’s podcast here: https://www.bedrockpodcast.com/
Connect with Common Descent: https://linktr.ee/common_descent
Join us on Patreon to support the podcast and enjoy bonus content: https://www.patreon.com/commondescentpodcast
Got a topic you want to hear about? Submit your episode request here: https://commondescentpodcast.com/request-a-topic/
We’re an Audible...2024-05-011h 08Bedrock: Earth's Earliest History33: A Thin LineWhat are the oldest disputed fossils on Earth? Why are they disputed?Today, we wrap up our tour of Nuvvuagittuq in northern Quebec, 3.8 billion years ago, March 3rd on the Earth Calendar. In 2017, microscopic rusty threads were discovered inside these rocks, thinner than a human hair. Were they bacteria, or something else entirely? Stay tuned to find out! Extra Credit: Learn how to make a chemical garden, or find a piece of chert, flint, jasper, agate, or onyx.Common Descent Interview: https://youtu.be/amQ9rntfKV0?feature=shared2024-05-0125 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History32: Pumping IronWhere does humanity get most of its' iron, and what do these rocks tell us about the ancient Earth? Today, we'll learn about banded iron formations, the backbone of the modern steel industry an important stop in the search for early life and oxygen, and a rock that is impossible to make today. It's rare to find a rock as important to both economics and research. Along the way, we'll take a breath of fresh air, meet orange pond scum in a forest stream, and find a dagger carved from a meteorite. Extra Credit: Find...2024-03-0626 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History31: Trench WarfareWhat are Earth's oldest volcanic rocks, and how did they form? Today, we'll explore the seafloor 3.8 billion years ago through dark basalt rocks in Nuvvuagittuq, northern Quebec. Along the way, we'll earn a green belt in geology, rest our heads on volcanic pillows and journey to the deepest spot in the modern ocean.Extra Credit: Try to find dark black basalt in a building or countertop near you.2024-02-1320 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History30: Alternative Canadian RockWhat's the next step after the oldest rock on Earth? Today, we'll move the story forward 200 million years and 1,000 miles. The time: 3.8 billion years ago... or maybe much older (March 3 on the Earth Calendar). The place: Nuvvuagittuq (noo-voo-ah-git-took), Quebec, Canada, in the lands of the Inuit. In this episode, we'll learn how this seaside outcrop was found and the ongoing debate about its' exact age. Depending on who you talk to, these are either the second-oldest rocks on Earth, or almost as old as the Earth itself. 2024-01-2420 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History29: The Goldilocks PlanetIf the sun was dimmer 4 billion years ago, how did the Earth stay warm? Today, we learn how just a small percent of Earth's atmosphere goes a long way in controlling global climate, both today and in the ancient past. Along the way, we'll visit an imaginary frozen Earth without any sun, a hazy giant moon of Saturn, and learn exactly what the greenhouse effect is.Extra credit: Visit a greenhouse, or find a cleaning product with ammonia.2024-01-1225 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History28: The Dark Side of the SunHow has the Sun changed over the past 4 billion years?While the Sun may seem unalterable, it has brightened dramatically over Earth's history, with major implications for our world. Today, we'll meet a team of women who catalogued thousands of stars in the 1800s, play in a galactic ball pit, and puzzle over a cosmic paradox alongside Carl Sagan.Extra Credit: Watch Cosmos (1980)2023-12-1121 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History27: Rare EarthIs there any place today that resembles the Earth 4 billion years ago?Surprisingly, the answer is yes... ish. Today, we'll learn a secret recipe for continents, one that made the very oldest rocks on Earth and is still making the island of Iceland today.Along the way, we'll freeze a magma chamber solid, meet some politically contentious metals, and cross a real bridge from one tectonic plate to another.2023-12-0422 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryUpdate: New Episode on Dec 4, Revised EpisodesHi folks,Thanks for your patience- it's been a busy month for me. The next episode will be up on December 4, followed by a more regular schedule for the following weeks. In the meantime, I've updated Episodes 25 and 26, streamlining them to better flow into the next episode.This update also gives a brief explanation for why Bedrock has such large gaps. In short, the podcast is just one part of a busy academic and personal life, and there are times when it has to take a backseat. Your continued support means so much...2023-11-2402 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History26: The Magma ForgeWhat did the oldest rock look like 4 billion years ago, before it was pressure-cooked?Today, we'll answer that question by melting chocolate chip ice cream, meeting one of granite's less famous cousins, and returning to our old friends: zircon crystals.Extra credit: Eat some ice cream, go on a skiing trip, or both!2023-10-0917 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History25: The Oldest Rock on EarthHow old is the oldest rock, where was it found, and what type of rock is it?To answer that question, we'll journey into Canada's Northwest Territories, deep underground to the breaking point of rocks, and we'll run into a shrimpy friend from Episode 10. 2023-09-1819 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History24: A New Dawn (Season 2 Premiere)Welcome to Season 2 of Bedrock! This episode introduces Season 2's subject: the Eoarchean (ee-oh-ar-key-an) chapter of Earth's history. The Eoarchean lasted from 4 to 3.6 billion years ago, from February 15 to March 19 on the Earth Calendar. In future episodes, we'll meet Earth's oldest rocks, the Man in the Moon, and a faint young sun. Since this is our first big chapter break, we'll also learn how and why geologists split time into these chapters, including one of Canada's greatest scientists: Sir William E Logan. 2023-09-1117 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistorySeason 1 Recap: The HadeanGet caught up to speed on Season 1, a time known as The Hadean. The Hadean covers Earth's earliest days from 4.6 to 4 billion years ago, January 1 to Feb 14 on the Earth Calendar. This is a time of many firsts, including the formation of the Earth, Moon, oceans, islands, and perhaps life. Check out previous episodes for more details, like the women who mapped the Earth's inner core (6) and seafloor (11), the largest object to strike our planet (8), and our earliest ancestor (23).2023-09-0814 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History23: It's Alive!Season 1 Finale. What was the first living thing on Earth, when did it live, and what did it do? Today, we end Season 1 by meeting LUCA, the oldest ancestor for every living thing on Earth today. On the way, we'll tackle how complex life formed in a chaotic universe and why it hasn't formed again, take a trip down life's family tree, and meet a deadly modern microbe- one of the closest relatives of the oldest living thing.Thank you all for listening to Season 1, and stay tuned for Season 2!Extra...2023-05-2920 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History22: Cell's KitchenHow and where did the first cells form on planet Earth, 4 billion years ago? To answer that question, we investigate why oil and water hate each other, explore the seafloor with the Titanic's discoverer, and take a relaxing dip inside a hot spring.Extra credit: drop some olive oil into water, or make a trip to the closest hot spring in your local area.2023-05-1522 min
The Vinyl ApproachEp. #27 -- Wild about Harry (Belafonte)Tom discusses Harry Belafonte's million-selling Calypso LP and his live album. This episode includes cameos by Elvis, Bob Dylan, and Willie Nelson.2023-05-1409 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History21: Cracking Life's CodeWhen did DNA show up in Earth's past, and how does it actually work today?In this episode, we brush up on biology, learning about DNA's hardworking but underrated sister RNA, how cells turn genetic code into meat, and inch closer to actual living things in the Hadean.Extra Credit: Help someone make a tasty dish in the kitchen today, or thank someone you think doesn't get enough credit for their work.2023-04-2416 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History20: Primordial SoupHow did the Earth transform simple carbon into the complex ingredients of life?Today, we'll meet a troubled Charles Darwin hunting for fossils, we'll create slime from thin air in one of the greatest laboratory experiments, and we'll learn what was in Earth's earliest atmosphere.Extra Credit: Breathe in, breathe out, and have a sip of your favorite soup.2023-04-1721 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History19: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxyHow did the ingredients of life arrive on Earth? Today, we look at how asteroids brought organic material from the depths of space to Earth's surface. On the way, we'll run into an old friend from Episode 4, meet an ancient Greek astronomer, and search for aliens hidden in Antarctic ice. Extra credit: Eat something with glutamic acid in it- meat, mushrooms, or soy sauce. Extra extra credit if you can have all three at once.2023-04-0718 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History18: We Are StardustHow were life’s ingredients assembled billions of years ago?Today, we journey to the deepest reaches of space to take the first steps from non-living molecules to life. On the way, we learn what it really means to be organic, how to break a rainbow, and what space smells like.Extra credit: Separate light using a prism, or cook a steak.2023-03-1020 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History17: The Building Blocks of LifeWhen did life begin on planet Earth? That's a big question to tackle, one that will take a few episodes to answer. Today, we start this new arc by introducing three key ingredients of life: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. These three molecules can be found in the food we eat, our own bodies, and as we'll see in future episodes, in the voids between stars. Extra credit: Keep tabs on which foods you eat have more carbs, proteins, or fats. Make yourself a dish that has all three ingredients. 2023-03-0220 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryThe Oldest Rocks In: North AmericaMiniseries Episode 7: The oldest rocks on Earth are hidden deep in the Canadian North, 4 billion years old. For our final stop of our tour, we sneak a peek at these and other rocks we'll meet soon in the main series, including reefs made from bacteria and mysterious stones hidden beneath Greenland's glaciers.2023-02-1716 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryThe Oldest Rocks In: EuropeMiniseries Episode 6: Most of Europe is very young, geologically- only millions of years old instead of billions. Today, we travel to eastern and northern Europe to see how its' modern borders match ancient shorelines, how coal is made, and a special type of granite you can probably find in your nearest city. 2023-02-1014 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryThe Oldest Rocks In: AsiaMiniseries Episode 5: Asia is the largest continent, and has a lot of ancient rocks to share with the world. Today, we learn how to map a hidden continent using magnets, how copper forms in undersea castles, and how the Himalayas were born.2023-01-2414 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryThe Oldest Rocks In: South AmericaMiniseries Episode 4: South America has impressive geology, but most of its' ancient rocks are found in just once country. Today, we'll learn about ancient connections between Brazil and Africa, how Pangaea split apart, and how most iron mines got their start. 2023-01-1710 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryThe Oldest Rocks In: AfricaMiniseries Episode 3: Africa is a continent with many different nations and rocks. Today, we learn how most of Africa was fused together billions of years ago, and which pockets preserve the best evidence for ancient life (South Africa, Zimbabwe). Along the way, we'll meet the richest human in history, a giant knife made from magma, and a two-billion-year family reunion. 2023-01-0314 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryUpdate: Bedrock will return in January 2023!Thank you all for your patience these few months as I've started a new professor position in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Moving and preparing my first classes took all of my time and mental energy, but now I'm at a place where I can make episodes again! I'm excited to continue the story and I hope you are as well.More details are in the episode but in short: Oldest Rocks mini-series: 5 weekly episodes starting January 2, 2023.Topics: Africa, South America, Asia, Europe, North America. The Main Plot: bi-weekly episodes starting in February 2023, 2022-12-1804 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryThe Oldest Rocks In: AustraliaMiniseries Episode 2: Australia is one of the top destinations for people who love the ancient Earth. Today, we take a brief tour around the three oldest regions in Australia: the Yilgarn Craton near Perth, the Pilbara Craton near Port Hedland, and the Gawler Craton near Adelaide. On the way, we'll meet the oldest minerals, the oldest fossils, and learn the connection between ancient bacteria and modern steel.2022-06-2811 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryThe Oldest Rocks In: AntarcticaMiniseries Episode 1: The frozen continent holds many secrets, including some of the most ancient stones in the world, the Napier Complex 3.8 billion years old. Today we'll learn what things lurk in the ice, and a harrowing story of polar survival from an Australian geologist, Sir Douglas Mawson. 2022-06-2108 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest HistorySchedule UpdateOur story will take a brief pause while I'm on summer vacation and fieldwork, including rocks more than three billion years old in Western Australia.But don't worry! In the meantime, there will be a seven-part miniseries on the oldest rocks of each continent. Tune in to find out which are closest to you, or use these as guides for a geology-themed vacation! After then, we'll return to the Hadean world to investigate the origins of life. Until then, have a pleasant summer, and thank you all for listening!Website: https://www.bedrockpodcast...2022-06-1402 min
Bedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryInterview: Fossil Imposters with Dr. Joti RouillardMy guest today is Dr. Joti Rouillard, a research fellow at the University of Science and Technology in Hefei, China. Dr. Rouillard talks about his research on the earliest fossils on Earth, microscopic bacteria 3.5 billion years old. It turns out, identifying a fossil bacteria is extremely difficult since they resemble other tiny non-living objects. We also talk about working in the Australian Outback, kangaroo encounters, and what happens when you mix alcohol and rocks.Dr. Rouillard's email: joti.rouillard@gmail.com2022-06-0718 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History16: Life Before FossilsWhen did life arise on planet Earth?Today, we look at the search for biological remains in the oldest minerals on Earth, the Jack Hills zircons of Western Australia, 4.4-4.0 billion years ago. We learn why carbon is an excellent building block for life, how to turn that carbon into diamonds and graphite, and why it's very hard to find conclusive fossils in very old rocks. Extra credit: Try to find all the things in your house that have carbon in them. Bonus points if you can find graphite or diamonds.2022-05-3117 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History15: Sea ChangeHow do we know when the first oceans existed?Water leaves its' fingerprints over every surface of Earth, even in the oldest, toughest crystals. Today, we'll take an imaginary ride through the earliest oceans, examine how water slowly transforms everything it touches, and how these changes are recorded in the Jack Hills zircons, 4.4 billion years ago. Extra Credit: Make an underwater rock garden, walk into a muddy beach, or visit a dog park.2022-05-2415 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History14: WaterworldHow did water arrive on planet Earth?Today, we learn just how much water Earth has, and where it came from in the first place. We'll take a joyride around the early solar system, climb a snow-capped peak, and learn how Jupiter may have played a crucial role in making Earth's oceans. Extra credit: Drink some water, make a snowball, or watch the Kevin Costner classic Waterworld.2022-05-1715 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History13: Message in a BottleWhen did Earth's crust form? It's easy to take the ground beneath our feet for granted, but the story of our crust's origins is one of the most hotly debated topics in Earth history. Today, we'll learn how elements inside tiny crystals help solve this mystery. On the way, we'll meet two researchers who helped keep gold and scientists out of German hands in World War II. Extra credit: Look at table salt under a microscope, or find different colors of quartz in your local mineral collections.2022-05-1017 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History12: Scratching the SurfaceHow is new crust made, and why isn't the Earth constantly expanding like a party balloon? To answer these questions, we'll track the life, death, and rebirth of Earth's surface. Stops along the way include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a fight to the death beneath New Zealand, and a stop for some Italian dessert.Extra credit: Experiment with your carpets at home, pushing them together and testing which one sinks beneath the other.2022-05-0317 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History11: Heretics and HeroesThe idea of plate tectonics is the cornerstone of modern geology.But it wasn't always that way, and it wasn't an easy idea to sell. Today, we'll meet two scientists who faced ridicule for proposing continental drift: a German climatologist and an American cartographer, the greatest of her generation. We'll also meet a lost expedition to Greenland, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and Jacques Cousteau.Extra credit: Look at maps of the ocean floor, or try to align the continents in various patterns on a map.2022-04-2616 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History10: The Oldest Thing on EarthWhat is the oldest thing on our planet? How old is it, and where was it found?Today, we tell the story of a worldwide, decades-long hunt for a single grain of sand. We'll journey to underground magma chambers, the sun-baked Australian Outback, and the lair of a giant shrimp.Extra credit: Let a handful of sand run through your fingers, or go pressure-wash something.2022-04-1914 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History9: The Great Gig in the SkyThe Earth of 4.5 billion years ago was perhaps the most alien version of our world, thanks to a collision with a rogue planet. Days and nights were six times shorter, the newborn Moon was as close as a weather satellite, and everything was covered with a sea of magma. Today, we learn how the Moon transformed from a giant Eye of Sauron into our pale nighttime companion, with the help of a Canadian geologist, some homemade lava, and a bucket of water. Extra credit: Squeeze a stress ball, eat only one color of candy, and try to...2022-04-1219 min
Bedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryInterview: Earth's Baby Photos with Dr. Nadja DrabonMy guest today is Dr. Nadja Drabon, a new professor at Harvard University. Dr. Drabon talks about her new discoveries of zircon crystals from South Africa that are more than 4 billion years old, some of the oldest fragments of Earth. Together, we learn just how much we don't know about Earth's earliest days, and what her discoveries can teach us about our planet's ancient secrets. We also talk about her field location in South Africa: the Barberton Greenstone Belt, a new UNESCO World Heritage Site. Dr. Drabon's website: https://drabon.eps.harvard.edu2022-04-0520 min
Bedrock: Earth's Earliest HistoryInterview: Fixing Climate Change with Dr. Ella HolmeMy guest today is Dr. Ella Holme, a postdoc at Yale University. Dr. Holme talks about her research on the mineral olivine as a potential antidote for climate change. Olivine can remove carbon dioxide from air and water, and further research into this mineral can help counteract increasing CO2 emissions. We also talk about how olivine is like the Hulk, and how Dr. Holme's path into geology started from childhood fears of tsunamis, climate change, and... werewolves. Dr. Holme's Twitter: @BandedEllaFrmtn2022-03-2915 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History8: Bad Moon RisingIf you've ever wondered where the Moon came from, this the episode for you! To answer that question, we'll collect Moon rocks with Neil Armstrong, spin merry-go-rounds with Charles Darwin's son, and play planetary billiards. In the end, truth is stranger than fiction.Extra credit: Take some time for yourself and have a good long look at the moon.2022-03-2217 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History7: An Ocean of MagmaEarth's first oceans were hundreds of times deeper than the Pacific and made of molten rock. Where did they come from, where did they go? What stuff was in them, how do we know? Today, let's dive in and see how these oceans turned into today's mantle.Extra credit: Drink a glass of ice water, watch The Core (2003), or see if you can find a garnet in your home or a museum.2022-03-0818 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History6: Working Out the CoreToday, we'll learn how deep humans have traveled into the planet, and how we know what's even deeper down. We'll meet mineral oozes, coils of liquid iron, and a Danish woman from the 1930s who discovered the center of the Earth. Extra credit: Make a tin-can telephone, find an inductor in one of your electric appliances, or look for an aurora. 2022-03-0117 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History5: Building the UnderworldHow did Earth grow from ant-size to, well… Earth-size? What perils did it face along the way? And how is the Earth's interior like a fine vinaigrette? Find out as we move forward in time from 4.6 to 4.5 billion years ago.Extra credit: try to freeze a mixture of oil and vinegar before they separate, find an iron meteorite at your local museum, or look for Ceres with a pair of binoculars.2022-02-2217 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History4: The Cradle of Stardust (Season 1 Premiere)Season 1 Premiere We finally start the tale of Earth’s history from the beginning, in the cold depths of outer space. The Sun is born and the first asteroids assemble. When these asteroids crash into Earth today, they provide time capsules from the beginning of the solar system. Extra credit: look for the Orion Nebula in the night sky, or go meteorite hunting with a friend.2022-02-1522 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History3: The Dating GameOur introductory trilogy on deep time ends by tackling an important question: How do we know how old the Earth is? 2022-02-0817 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History2: Three Recipes for RocksHow can rocks tell us the stories of ancient Earth- stories of magma, water, and life? To answer that question, we look at a few common rock types and examine how they formed.2022-02-0218 minBedrock: Earth's Earliest History1: The Earth CalendarIntroductions all around- the podcast, the period of time we’ll be exploring, and the host. We’ll start by scaling Earth’s entire history down to a manageable 365 days. 2022-02-0109 minThe Vinyl ApproachEp. 16 -- Bob Dylan: Early Guitar Styles & the 1964 Halloween Concert Tom talks about Dylan’s October 1964 concert and examines his early guitar style.2021-09-3016 minThe Vinyl ApproachEp. 11 – Bob Dylan: Questions from ListenersTom wraps-up Dylan’s 80th Birthday celebration by answering questions from Vinyl Approach listeners.2021-05-2810 minThe Vinyl ApproachEp. 10 – Bob Dylan: Birthday & B-sidesTom looks at a live recording of Dylan’s “Just Like Tom Thumb’s Blues” from his 1966 tour.2021-05-1416 minThe Vinyl ApproachEp. 3 -- Bob Dylan's B-sidesTom discusses the B-side of Bob Dylan's elusive first single, "Corrina, Corrina."2021-02-0314 min