Shows
What's Left of Philosophy112 | Excavating Utopias w/ Dr. William ParisIn this episode, we discuss WLOP co-host William Paris’s recently published book Race, Time, and Utopia: Critical Theory and the Process of Emancipation. In his book, Will examines the utopian elements in the theories of W.E.B. Du Bois, Martin Delany, Marcus Garvey, Frantz Fanon, and James Boggs and their critique of racial domination as the domination of social time. The crew talks about the relationship between utopia and realism, the centrality of time for our social practices, and how history can provide critical principles for an emancipated society. We even find out whether Gil, Lillian, and Ow...2025-04-281h 13
Give Them An ArgumentSeason 5 Episode 16: Lillian Cicerchia on Marx, Materialism, and the Poverty of PhilosophyLeft-wing academic philosopher, Jacobin contributor, and "What's Left of Philosophy?" co-host Lillian Cicerchia comes back on the show to talk to Ben Burgis about Karl Marx's book "The Poverty of Philosophy" and, more broadly, different ways of construing materialism vs. idealism debates and the sometimes vexed relationship between moral critiques of capitalism and Marxist thought. Before that, Ben and the GTAA crew get into the recent strike victory at Rutgers, Bernie vs. Chris Wallace on whether there should be billionaires, and Gad Saad's objections to a 32-hour workweek. In the postgame for GTAA patrons, Jason Myles and Deep State...2023-05-161h 06What's Left of Philosophy62 | What is Aesthetics? Part I. Schiller's Letters on Aesthetic EducationIn this inaugural episode of our new series on aesthetics, we discuss Friedrich Schiller’s 1795 Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man. We begin with his assessment of the French Revolution and its perceived failure to deliver on its lofty republican ideals, focusing on his ascription of this failure to the fragmentation of the modern self and society. We then attempt to wrap our minds around Schiller’s proposed corrective: an ‘aesthetic education’ that mobilizes art and beauty toward the end of dialectically unifying sensuous life and Reason, nature and moral freedom, the ‘coarser’ class of ‘savages’ and the refined ‘barbari...2023-04-031h 01What's Left of Philosophy61 | Frantz Fanon, Racism, and the Alienation of ReasonIn this episode, we take a deep dive into Frantz Fanon’s first book Black Skin, White Masks. We discuss his views on racism as a form of alienation and narcissism, assess that status of reason throughout his argument, and interrogate his emphasis on futurity over history. Throughout we defend his theory of social pathology and his embrace of reason and universal humanism. This episode should be a stimulating introduction to the anticolonial and revolutionary work of Fanon for both newcomers and experts!leftofphilosophy.com | @leftofphilReferences:Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, tr...2023-03-201h 06What's Left of Philosophy60 | Antifascism and Emancipatory Violence with Devin Zane ShawIn this episode we are joined by Devin Zane Shaw to talk about his book Philosophy of Antifascism: Punching Nazis and Fighting White Supremacy. We discuss the concept of the ‘three-way fight’, what Beauvoir’s analysis of the antinomies of action can teach us about emancipatory violence, and the necessity of community self-defense. Ambiguity may be an inescapable condition for those of us who truly care about freedom, but you just cannot have dinner with nazis, comrades.leftofphilosophy.com | @leftofphilReferences:Devin Zane Shaw, Philosophy of Antifascism: Punching Nazis and Fighting White Supremacy (New Yo...2023-03-061h 11What's Left of Philosophy59 | Herbert Marcuse B-Sides MixtapeFeeling alienated? In this episode, we are here for you. We dig into three periods of Herbert Marcuse’s thought. Marcuse was Martin Heidegger’s student in the 1920s, a member of the Frankfurt School in the 1930s, the philosopher of the New Left in the 1960s, and stays haunting the petit bourgeois in the 2020s. We pay our respects and get to the bottom of his influence on critical theory, social movements, and the culture. leftofphilosophy.com | @leftofphilReferences:Herbert Marcuse, Heideggerian Marxism, edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit (Lincoln and Lond...2023-02-201h 05What's Left of Philosophy58 Teaser | Angela Davis: Dialectics of Oppression and LiberationIn this episode we dig into some early writings by the incomparable black radical feminist and communist Angela Davis. We reflect on some of the contradictions involved in the transformation of women’s labor in the development of patriarchal capitalism and the latent potentials for the emancipated life in common that these developments nevertheless carry within themselves. We talk about the radical potential of industrializing housework, discuss strategies for the formation of effective solidarity, and—as usual—find a way to drag American suburbia. Get out there and contest capitalist power at the point of production! Those potentialities won’t actual...2023-02-0618 minWhat's Left of PhilosophyUNLOCKED: 24 | What's Left of Foucault?We couldn't put together a new episode for you this week, so we thought we'd unlock an old Patreon exclusive! Thanks to everyone who helped us pick which one by voting in our Twitter poll. We'll be back with a brand new ep next Monday.--In this episode, the crew takes on a beloved figure of the academic 'left': Michel Foucault. The discussion gravitates around Foucault’s work in the early 1970’s on the ‘punitive society’, power as civil war, and popular rebellion. This post-‘68 period of his life and work is often seen as his mos...2023-01-301h 10
Give Them An ArgumentSeason 5 Episode 4: Why Socialists Need to Talk About Justice (ft. Lillian Cicerchia)Ben was on a plane back to the West Coast when this aired, but Andy and Cale held down the fort, recapping the big NYC live show and then playing an interview Ben recorded with socialist philosopher and GTAA fan-favorite Lillian Cicerchia about her Jacobin article "socialists Need to Talk About Justice."You can read the article here:https://jacobin.com/2022/12/capitalism-socialism-liberalism-justice-philosophy-marxFollow Lillian on Twitter: @classreductressFollow Ben on Twitter: @BenBurgisFollow GTAA on Twitter: @Gtaa_ShowRead the new philosophy Substack:benburgis.substack...2023-01-281h 12What's Left of Philosophy57 | What is Liberalism? Part II. Policing and Political EconomyIn the second installment of our “What is Liberalism?” series we discuss the relationship between liberalism and the institution of the police. If a core principle of liberalism is the equal application of the law, then some enforcement mechanism is necessary to ensure the stability of the social order. The problem is that in liberal democracies the police are asked to equally apply the law while maintaining an unequal social order. These two tasks create legitimacy crises for the state. We discuss how the liberal political economy of the United States explains the exceptional brutality of the police, why it is...2023-01-161h 01What's Left of Philosophy56 | Special Minisode: Hating on New Year’s Day with Antonio GramsciIn this special holiday episode we bring in the new year by being complete and total haters! We keep it real light and breezy for this short little convo. We drag Auld Lang Syne, the concept of New Years’ resolutions, the very notion of historical dates, and also for some reason the city of Boston. At one point the discussion turns into an unboxing video, which is great content for a podcast, famously a visual medium. Oh and we read Antonio Gramsci’s 1916 essay “I Hate New Year’s Day”. We’re just having some fun with it! Happy new year to...2023-01-0131 minWhat's Left of Philosophy55 Teaser | Rousseau's Discourse on InequalityJean-Jacques Rousseau was many things, but chill was not one of them. In this patron-exclusive episode we have no chill either, getting into it about the renegade philosopher’s Discourse on Inequality, his totally bizarre fictional state of nature, and his stunningly prescient critique of modern society. You know, we aren’t primitivists at all, but sometimes it’s kinda hard to maintain that this whole civilization thing was worth it. We gave dogs anxiety disorders and spend our spare time licking the boots of our economic and political overlords! It sure seems like mistakes were made! Come, friends: take t...2022-12-2008 minWhat's Left of Philosophy54 | Expropriating the Expropriators w/ Dr. Jacob BlumenfeldIn this episode we talk with Jacob Blumenfeld about the concept of property in German Idealism. As it turns out, Kant, Fichte, and Hegel each had a pretty different idea of property than their Anglo counterparts who were out there apologizing for private property as a natural right and capitalism as freedom. Some might even say that socialism is what completes the system of German Idealism. They might also say that Fichte is totally bonkers. In either case, the Germans are both way cooler and way weirder than you know.leftofphilosophy.com | @leftofphilReferences:2022-12-051h 07What's Left of Philosophy53 | Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism: Anti-Materialist SociologyWeber’s The Protestant Ethic and the “Spirit” of Capitalism is probably the most important foundational text for modern sociology, and we think that’s kind of a downer, actually. We talk about how we are thoroughly unconvinced about his central historical claim in the book, which seems to be that the Protestant reformation created the subjective conditions for the emergence of capitalism somehow. We also take him to task for his weak criticism of historical materialism and for his own sorely lacking methodology. The book’s definitely got some interesting stuff in it, but it’s mostly a swing and a...2022-11-281h 10What's Left of Philosophy52 | Mike Davis: Historical Materialism and Militant TheoryThis is a tribute episode to the great Mike Davis, the visionary social theorist and comrade who recently passed away in October 2022. We discuss his pathbreaking social analysis of Los Angeles, his political economy of urban life, his fondness for and reactivation of Marx’s political writings, and his unique ability to locate concrete phenomena within a specific historical conjuncture. Despite his clairvoyance about our disastrous present trajectory, we show why he was not the ‘prophet of doom’ that some think he was, insisting on the renewal of his spirit of militancy and hope.RIP to a true g...2022-11-141h 03What's Left of Philosophy51 Teaser | What is Utopia? Part III. Hermeneutics and Utopia: From Hans-Georg Gadamer to Ernst Bloch (Part 2)In Part Two of our two-part mini-series we discuss the work of Ernst Bloch’s The Principle of Hope. We ask what difference there is between the thought of Bloch and Theodor Adorno, how hope and utopia enable political action, and why so many traditions seem to abhor the concept of utopia. Expand your horizons and come learn how to hope again in this episode!This is just a small clip from the full episode, which is available to patrons:patreon.com/leftofphilosophyReferences:Ernst Bloch, The Principle of Hope, vols. 1 &3, tr...2022-11-0120 minWhat's Left of Philosophy50 | Hermeneutics and Utopia: From Hans-Georg Gadamer to Ernst Bloch (Part 1)In part one of our two-part mini-series on hermeneutics and utopia we discuss the thought of Hans-Georg Gadamer in his 1983 text Praise of Theory. We talk about the importance of prejudice and tradition for self-understanding, ask whether the natural sciences or the human sciences have sole claim to truth, and praise the (qualified) freedom of theory from instrumental reason (continental philosophy even gets a positive shout-out!). The purpose of this mini-series is to assess the insights of hermeneutics for theory and social philosophy, so look forward to our Patron exclusive conclusion on Ernst Bloch!leftofphilosophy.com | @leftofphil2022-10-171h 03What's Left of Philosophy49 | Coming to Terms with Human Finitude w/ Prof. Martin HägglundIn this episode we are joined by Martin Hägglund to discuss the existentialist's argument for what makes human life meaningful—and why democratic socialism is the logical conclusion to reach after having considered the matter carefully. We also dig into the limits of social democracy, the need for the state, and the revaluation of value that is yet to come.leftofphilosophy.com | @leftofphilFollow Martin: @martinhaegglund | http://martinhagglund.seReferences:Martin Hägglund, This Life: Secular Life and Spiritual Freedom (New York: Penguin Random House, 2020)What Is Democratic Soci...2022-10-031h 05What's Left of Philosophy48 | Gillian Rose: Speculative Thinking and Post-Kantian Sociology with James CallahanIn this episode we are joined by James Callahan (aka Crane) to talk about Gillian Rose’s book Hegel Contra Sociology. We explore Rose’s critique of early twentieth-century sociology, which she argues was completely hampered by the limitations of its neo-Kantian framework. Looking to break out of this transcendental circle, Rose turns to Hegel and defends a highly original and sophisticated reading of his speculative political thinking, in order to develop a sociological analysis adequate for grasping and transforming our modern capitalist world. We also talk about why Hegel hated the starry skies above and thought slimes and rash...2022-09-191h 00What's Left of Philosophy47 | Guy Debord and the Society of the SpectacleIn today’s episode we talk about Guy Debord’s critique of life under modern capitalism by looking at his scathing and provocative The Society of the Spectacle. Is it true that all that was once lived is now mere representation? That the whole of society is mediated by an endless proliferation of passifying images? That the fullness of life has been replaced by its bloodless negation in survival? Because it sure feels like it! We discuss what exactly he means by spectacle, reflect on whether and how it’s possible to maintain his distinction between real needs and pseudo...2022-09-061h 01
Left Reckoning81 - Class War, Liberalism, & Abortion In US & Europe w/ Lillian CicerchiaSupport the show and get the Sunday members show at patreon.com/leftreckoningWe are joined by our good friend Lillian Cicerchia (@classreductress) professor of philosophy and co-host of the excellent What's Left Of Philosophy podcast to talk about class war & abortion. Also, Biden kicks the can on student loans, Griscom brings back the gem to talk global debt and fertilizer shortages.And a brief Bolsonaro coup planning update.2022-08-241h 39What's Left of Philosophy46 Teaser | What is Dialectics? Part V: Adorno's Negative DialecticsIn this patron-exclusive episode, we continue our series on the concept of dialectics by talking about Adorno’s Negative Dialectics. We reflect on what a non-closed dialectical system would look like, why Adorno is definitely not the defeatist he’s often caricatured as being, and what it means for us to hold onto utopian promises for a better world from within the administered nightmare of modern capitalism. Along the way we try to hone in on what’s special about Adorno’s negative dialectics, especially in comparison with what we get out of Kant and Hegel. And we give Heidegge...2022-08-2210 minWhat's Left of Philosophy45 | On Solidarity and Conflict with Nathan DuFordIn this episode we are joined by Nathan DuFord to discuss their new book Solidarity in Conflict: A Democratic Theory. We unpack why they believe solidarity ought to be theorized as a political concept rather than moral injunction. For DuFord, we risk missing that solidarity is what the oppressed do with one another and that the oppressed will have disagreements within their solidary groups if we undertheorize the political dimensions of solidarity. We go on to discuss the relationships between trust and conflict, whether groups formed in solidarity can last forever, and contemporary questions concerning conflict in left organizations...2022-08-081h 08What's Left of Philosophy44 | Karl Kautsky's Cooperative CommonwealthIn this episode we talk about the most important Marxist thinker during the time of the Second International, Karl Kautsky. We talk about his infamous claim that the breakdown of capitalism is historically inevitable, what he thinks socialist praxis should look like in a liberal democracy, and what the concentration of large-scale capital means for your small business. Plus at some point we realize that almost all anti-socialist arguments are actually just confused anti-capitalist ones, which we find irresistibly delightful. We’re in old-school classical Marxist territory for this one, folks! leftofphilosophy.com | @leftofphil References: ...2022-08-011h 01What's Left of Philosophy43 | Transindividuality and Marxism with Jason ReadIn this episode we talk with the wonderful Jason Read about his work on the concept of transindividuality and what it means for critical social theory, Marxist notions like alienation and reification, and traditional conceptions of freedom and equality. It’s bad news for anyone who thinks politics can be directly derived from ontology, but incredibly productive theoretically and practically if you're willing to think social relations as processes. Also Will admits he’s almost ready to confess his Spinozism, so that’s a clear win.follow us @leftofphilReferences:Jason Read, The Produc...2022-07-261h 01What's Left of Philosophy42 | Going Beyond the Pleasure Principle with FreudIn this episode we talk psychoanalytic theory and practice. With Freud’s Beyond the Pleasure Principle as our touchstone, we get speculative about human desire, the death drive, and the relationship between psychoanalysis and political struggle. We discuss the problem of scaling up from individual psychology to collective organizations, the opacity of the subject, and some of the psychosocial pathologies peculiar to the United States here in the twenty-first century. We could all use a bit more transference!leftofphilosophy.com | @leftofphilReferences:Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, trans. and ed. James Strachey (Ne...2022-07-121h 08What's Left of Philosophy41 | James Boggs and the Problem of Rights under CapitalismIn this episode we discuss James Boggs’s 1963 The American Revolution: Pages from a Negro Worker’s Notebook. We talk about Boggs’s materialist conception of rights as “what you make and what you take.” In Boggs we find a novel conception of rights that are grounded in social power. We delve into the dangers automation and structural unemployment present to rights to life and happiness while wondering if a “workless” society would truly be a better one. In the end, we extend a figleaf to egalitarian liberals and offer to heal their psychic distress by showing them that they are alrea...2022-06-2759 min
Zer0 Books and Repeater MediaWhy Class Matters: Daniel Tutt and Lillian CicerchiaLillian Cicerchia, co-host of What's Left of Philosophy wrote an essay "Why Does Class Matter" which was the first article about class (specifically) in academic philosophy in several decades. We discuss her theories on class with a focus on the theme of "non-domination" in the labor market.Support Zer0 Books on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/zerobooksSubscribe: http://bit.ly/SubZeroBooksFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/ZeroBooks/Twitter: https://twitter.com/zer0booksSupport Daniel Tutt's work by visiting the Torsion Groups Patreon account: https://patreon.com/torsiongroups-----2022-06-171h 19What's Left of Philosophy40 Teaser | What is Liberalism? Part I. John Locke's Second Treatise of GovernmentIn this episode we kick off our new series called “What is Liberalism?” with private property, conquest, and a discussion about John Locke’s apologia for both. We appreciate the efforts of the left to civilize liberalism in the wake of its own civilizing efforts across the globe, but we ask whether it’s really possible to separate economic and political liberalism to make liberalism work for the left. Our experiences in DEI workshops suggest not, although many who are smarter than Locke have tried. The full episode is available on our patreon!patreon.com/leftofph...2022-06-1311 minWhat's Left of Philosophy39 | Lukács: Social Totality and the Commodity FormIn this episode we discuss the work of György Lukács, focusing on the reification essay from his seminal 1923 book History and Class Consciousness. We talk about why it’s not great that the commodity form has penetrated every aspect of social life, why we need to retain the category of totality in spite of loud protests from postmodernists, and what’s special about the standpoint of the proletariat. Welcome to capitalism, folks: real contradictions and necessary illusions abound. But it’s not over yet! patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphil References: Georg Lukács, Histo...2022-05-301h 05
Emancipations PodcastWhy Class Matters with Lillian CicerchiaLillian Cicerchia, co-host of What's Left of Philosophy wrote an essay "Why Does Class Matter" which was the first article about class (specifically) in academic philosophy in several decades. Why in the would academic philosophy sideline analysis of class? The answer to that question may be quite obvious, or there may be more to it. Listen to find out!
Lillian is interested in finding ways to bring an analysis of class back into the conversation that does so in a way that pays attention to the theme of "non-domination" in the labor market. She brings a very...2022-05-2950 minWhat's Left of Philosophy38 | Liberal Democracy in Crisis: Carl Schmitt and the PresentIn this episode, we discuss the infamous Nazi jurist and political philosopher Carl Schmitt, with particular focus on his 1923 book The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy. We attempt to better understand the right-wing, Schmittian case against both liberal ‘parliamentarianism’ and ‘Marxist socialism’, while trying to discern his positive political vision. Doing so requires assessing his paradoxical claim that democracy and dictatorship are perfectly compatible, and that dictatorship is good, actually. We end by asking what the hell a ‘Left Schmittian’ is, asking what if anything he has to offer for leftist theory and practice today. patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphil 2022-05-161h 00What's Left of Philosophy37 Teaser | What’s the ‘Structural’ in ‘Structural Injustice’?: Iris Marion Young and Political PhilosophyWhat do we mean when we call something a ‘structural injustice’? In this episode, we take up some of Iris Marion Young’s work and ask what makes the difference between interpersonal injustice and structural injustice. Along the way, we investigate concepts such as political responsibility, social connection, and the character of global injustice. As an extra special treat listeners will find out what is preventing Gil from being a revolutionary (the answer may surprise you)! The full episode is available on our patreon!patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphil References: Iris Marion Young, Re...2022-05-0210 minWhat's Left of Philosophy36 | What is Utopia? Part II. Plato's Republic (with Owen Alldritt)In this episode, we talk with Owen Alldritt about justice. We come to Plato’s defense against the Western philosophical canon, mostly in spite of ourselves, and insist on the True coinciding with the Good. What does this all have to do with utopia, you ask? As it turns out, Plato is a realist and he thinks we can know the Good in itself, organize our cities accordingly, and realize justice…or at least philosophers can. Good luck to everyone else! patreon to support | follow us @leftofphil References: The Republic, by Plato Owen Alldrit...2022-04-201h 07Left Reckoning*TEASER* Don't Thank Capitalism for Liberal Rights ft. Lillian CicerchiaTO GET THIS FULL EPISODE AND ALL LEFT RECKONING SUNDAY SHOWS, GO TO PATREON.COM/LEFTRECKONING Lillian Cicerchia joins us to talk about her latest in Jacobin, "Liberal Freedoms Were Won Despite, Not Because of, Capitalism," a review of Revisiting Marx’s Critique of Liberalism: Rethinking Justice, Legality and Rights by Igor Shoikhebrod. Who are liberal rights most important to, and who won them? What was Marx's position? Lenin's? What are "formal freedoms."2022-04-1706 minWhat's Left of Philosophy35 | Moral Luck and Pedagogy (with Aaron Rabinowitz)In this episode, we talk with Aaron Rabinowitz of Embrace the Void and Philosophers in Space about the paradoxes of moral luck, the problematic nature of our everyday notions of responsibility, and what good pedagogy looks like when you’ve agreed – as you must – that spontaneous, volitional free will is merely an illusion. We do some Kantian maneuvering, form provisional alliances, and all things considered have as good a time as is possible given our total lack of freedom.References:Thomas Nagel, “Moral Luck” Music: Vintage Memories by Schematist | schematist.bandcamp.com2022-04-051h 08What's Left of Philosophy34 Teaser | What is Dialectics? Part IV: Dialectic of Enlightenment with Adorno and HorkheimerIn this episode we talk about Adorno and Horkheimer's Dialectic of Enlightenment, focusing on their notion of reason as abstractive domination and their understanding of the culture industry as a means of producing mass complicity with the machinations of capital. The good news is that we've got a much better sense of humor than either of them, so it's not as miserable as all that might sound. The bad news is we're not sure if they're wrong to be so pessimistic. We also drag a fair bit of popular culture, admit we still love it, and call out the...2022-03-2208 minWhat's Left of Philosophy33 | (Un)Learning How to Do Politics with Hannah ArendtIn this episode we discuss what distinguishes politics from other aspects of human existence by looking at Hannah Arendt’s The Human Condition and “Reflections on Little Rock.” We question why Arendt is so concerned with defending the distinction between politics, the social, and the private realm and what useful insights can be drawn from these distinctions when analyzing real human history. In addition, we touch on Arendt’s controversial relationship to black politics around integration or as she thought of it black “social climbing.” This might be the one that gets us canceled! patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphil 2022-03-071h 08
Give Them An ArgumentSeason 3 Episode 34: Exploitation (ft. Lillian Cicerchia)Fan-favorite returning guest Lillian Cicerchia (co-host of "What's Left of Philosophy?") comes back to talk to Ben Burgis about Marxist accounts of exploitation--how the concept relates to a useful description of capitalist economies and why it's important to the case for socialism. Producer Jake, whose day job is "union organizer," talks abut the gathering wave of Starbucks unionizations around the country. Professor Jennifer Burgis joins Ben for a philosophy segment on Robert Nozick's theory of property rights. Ryan joins us for the postgame GTAA patrons to talk Mario, turtles, philosophy, and why Biden doesn't just cancel student loans.2022-02-241h 54What's Left of Philosophy32 | What is Equality? Disagreeing with Jacques RancièreIn this episode we discuss the meaning of equality by delving into French political philosopher Jacques Rancière’s 1995 book, Disagreement. In a contentious conversation we unpack the core concepts of the book, including its expansive notion of the police and its highly restrictive definition of politics as foundationally egalitarian. Above all, we press Rancière (and each other!) on both the meaning and the political utility of equality as a presupposition or ‘axiom’ rather than a social goal. It’s a banger! patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphil References: Jacques Rancière, Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy...2022-02-221h 05What's Left of Philosophy31 | Raymond Geuss: Realism in Political TheoryIn this episode we work through some of the ideas laid out in Part 1 of Raymond Geuss’ 2008 Philosophy and Real Politics. It’s a refreshingly clear-eyed argument for what he calls the realist approach in political philosophy, which tries to attend to the messiness of actually existing societies, the opaque and invested people who make them up, and the shifting, contradictory values they hold. We’re talking Hobbes meets Lenin meets Nietzsche here, folks. Leave your rational decision theory and normative idealism at the door. patreonn.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphil References: Raymond Geuss, Philosophy and Real...2022-02-071h 02What's Left of Philosophy30 | What is Utopia? Part I. Thomas More: Critical Realism in a Time of EnclosureIn this episode, we kick off a new series on the concept of utopia by taking a look at the guy who invented the word, Thomas More. We discuss how his wonderfully satirical 1516 book Utopia was written in response to the enclosures happening in England, which forced masses of peasants into unemployment and misery and created the conditions for early capitalist agriculture. His fictional island nation of Utopia thrives without private property, but More’s real trick is how he reveals the wildly utopian and fantastical nature of our own capitalist world order. Plus Owen invents the phrase ‘professional soci...2022-01-241h 00What's Left of Philosophy29 | Sartre and the Question of PhilosophyIn this episode, we read Jean-Paul Sartre's Search for a Method. We begin by working through Sartre’s puzzling claim that Marxism is this era’s one true philosophy and then branch out into broader questions concerning what it is we are trying to do when we philosophize and whether Sartre was right not to give up on capital-T “Truth.” Other topics include Sartre’s conception of freedom, the relationship of the individual to history, and the problems of dogmatic Marxism up to the present day. This one is sure to delight, and it's just the start for us with old J...2022-01-101h 06
Give Me An Argument - The Ben Burgis Call-In ShowEpisode 5: Lillian Cicerchia Answers Questions About MarxismOne of our favorite young Marxist intellectuals, Lillian Cicerchia, talks about theory and takes calls.
Download the Callin app for iOS and Android to listen to this podcast live, call in, and more! Also available at callin.com2021-12-271h 48What's Left of Philosophy28 | A Very Special Holiday Episode: Learning How to Give with Jacques DerridaMerry Christmas and happy holidays! In this surprise gift of an episode, we’re visited by the spectre of Jacques Derrida and his deconstruction of the gift. Like the Ghost of Christmas Past, he forces us to ask whether we have given enough, whether we know how to give without reciprocity, and why it is so hard to give in the first place. The gang reflects on the phenomenology of gift-giving and the insidious politics of philanthropy, and even takes shots at the big guy himself: Santa Claus. So sit back, grab your eggnog, and celebrate the holidays with yo...2021-12-2554 minWhat's Left of Philosophy27 | Crisis and Utopian ConsciousnessIn this episode we get together to discuss a new article by our very own Will Paris! We talk about Will’s critical and materialist conception of consciousness, the role of awareness and normative expectations in processes of social transformation, and why utopia is involved in knowledge production. We talk Bloch, we talk Hayek: you know, the usuals. It’s a classic original crew set, recorded live on stream!patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:William Paris, “Crisis Consciousness, Utopian Consciousness, and the Struggle for Racial Justice,” Puncta: Journal of Critical Phenomenology (forthcoming)Music...2021-12-211h 05What's Left of Philosophy26 | Wake Up and Choose Divine Violence: Walter Benjamin w/ Dr. Ashley BohrerIn this episode we welcome Dr. Ashley Bohrer to discuss Walter Benjamin’s 1921 essay “Critique of Violence”. We talk about the relationship between violence and the law, reflect on the limits of institutional power for emancipatory projects, and get really real about the spiritual dimension of justice. Keep your messianism weak, comrades.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilashleybohrer.comPedagogies for Peace podcast: https://kroc.nd.edu/research/intersectionality/pedagogies-for-peace-podcast/References:Walter Benjamin, “Critique of Violence,” trans. Edmund Jephcott, in Selected Writings Volume I: 1913-1926, eds. Marcus Bullock and Michael W. Jenning...2021-12-041h 09Left ReckoningIs Marx An Economic Determinist? ft. Lillian Cicerchia (Holiday LR)Lillian Cicerchia (@LILCICERCH) post-doc at the Free University Of Berlin & co-host of What's Left Of Philosophy podcast on the problem with the book Hegemony & Socialist Strategy & post-marxism.Support us on patreon.com/LeftReckoning Twitter: @LeftReckoning - @mattlech - @davidgriscom Instagram: @LeftReckoningCheck out our Twitch streams at Twitch.tv/LeftReckoning2021-12-0155 minWhat's Left of Philosophy25 | Reflections on Freedom and the Cold War w/ Dr. Lea YpiThis episode dives behind the Iron Curtain into socialist Albania in discussion with Lea Ypi on her new memoir “Free.” The crew explores what has been gained and what has been lost in the transition to capitalism. Lea explains why some of the symmetry may surprise us and why Marxism is a philosophy of human freedom.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Lea Ypi, Free: Coming of Age at the End of History (Penguin Random House, 2021)Music: Vintage Memories by Schematist | schematist.bandcamp.com 2021-11-191h 02What's Left of Philosophy24 Teaser | What's Left of Foucault?In this episode, the crew takes on a beloved figure of the academic ‘left’: Michel Foucault. The discussion gravitates around Foucault’s work in the early 1970’s on the ‘punitive society’, power as civil war, and popular rebellion. This post-‘68 period of his life and work is often seen as his most politically ‘radical’, both because of his activist involvement in the Prisons Information Group (GIP) and because he directly engages with Marxist discourse and thought. Nevertheless, the conversation quickly turns skeptical (to put it mildly). We question both the explanatory power and the political stakes of his historical studies: What is t...2021-11-0523 minWhat's Left of Philosophy23 | How Does a Democracy Keep its Character? Lessons from the Black Radical Tradition w/ Prof. Melvin RogersIn this episode, we welcome Professor Melvin Rogers of Brown University to discuss his forthcoming book The Darkened Light of Faith: Race, Democracy, and Freedom in African American Political Thought. We focus on the often elided importance of character in social struggle and transformation, the tension between optimism and pessimism in African American political thought, and the centrality of rhetoric and persuasion in this tradition. It is not to be missed!patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferencesRogers, Melvin. Forthcoming. The Darkened Light of Faith: Race, Democracy, and Freedom in African American Political Thought...2021-10-221h 06What's Left of Philosophy22 | The Meaning of Disability (with Dr. Joel Michael Reynolds)In this episode we are joined by Joel Michael Reynolds for a wide-ranging discussion about disability theory. We dig into the relationship between disability and white supremacy, the idea of politics as differential capacitation, genomics and medicalization, justice as equity, and more. Naturally we put full-bore social constructivism on blast. Leftists gotta be materialists, you know?patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Joel Michael Reynolds, “The Meaning of Ability and Disability.” Journal of Speculative Philosophy 33.3 (2019).Joel Michael Reynolds, “Genopower: On Genomics, Disability, and Impairment.” Foucault Studies 31 (forthcoming).Joel Michael Reynolds, “Disability...2021-10-081h 08
Give Them An ArgumentSeason 3 Episode 6: Post-Kirk Debate Thoughts & Lillian Cicerchia on Marx's Theory of HistoryBen Burgis is back from Arizona where he debated Charlie Kirk. Sadly the video won't be available for a few weeks but we'll be sharing some thoughts about it now. Ben and Producer Jake talk about that, as well as Sam Harris's conflict with Bret Weinstein. GTAA graphic designer J. Andrew World joins to talk about IATSE's strike vote. (Sign the petition! https://actionnetwork.org/petitions/tell-amptp-to-make-a-deal-with-behind-the-scenes-workers) Also, Lillian Cicerchia from the Free University of Berlin is back on to talk about the materialist theory of history. Ben is teaching an "Analytic Marxism and the Materialist Theory of History"...2021-10-062h 14
Give Them An ArgumentSeason 3 Episode 6: Post-Kirk Debate Thoughts & Lillian Cicerchia on Marx's Theory of HistoryBen Burgis is back from Arizona where he debated Charlie Kirk. Sadly the video won't be available for a few weeks but we'll be sharing some thoughts about it now. Ben and Producer Jake talk about that, as well as Sam Harris's conflict with Bret Weinstein. GTAA graphic designer J. Andrew World joins to talk about IATSE's strike vote. (Sign the petition! https://actionnetwork.org/petitions/tell-amptp-to-make-a-deal-with-behind-the-scenes-workers) Also, Lillian Cicerchia from the Free University of Berlin is back on to talk about the materialist theory of history. Ben is teaching an "Analytic Marxism and the Materialist Theory of History"...2021-10-062h 14What's Left of Philosophy21 | What is Critical Theory Doing? w/ Dr. Prof. Robin CelikatesIn this episode we are joined by Professor Robin Celikates to discuss the big “method” question in critical theory: What is it doing, and why? Since Marx, this tradition has had a special connection to emancipatory struggles, so we talk about how that works (or doesn’t) in relation to contemporary debates about civil disobedience and migration. patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Robin Celikates, 2019. “Constituent Power Beyond Exceptionalism: Irregular migration, disobedience, and (re-)constitution,” Journal of International Political Theory 15(1): 67-81.Robin Celikates. 2018. “Slow Learners? On Moral Progress, Social Struggle, and Whig History,” "F...2021-08-291h 08What's Left of Philosophy20 | David Walker and the Politics of JudgmentFor this episode we discuss David Walker’s 1830 radical anti-slavery tract An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World and Melvin Rogers’s 2015 article “David Walker and the Political Power of the Appeal.” We explore Walker’s political philosophy of judgment and its relationship to normativity, solidarity, and reconstructing civic society. Walker offers an insightful critique of the insidious pathologies race introduces into Western political formations. We cover questions of universalism, the contentious role of violence in political change, and what it means to inherit a political tradition. patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:David Wa...2021-08-1358 minWhat's Left of Philosophy19 | Machiavelli: Cunning, Fortune, and Republican VirtueIn this episode we talk through the work of one of the most infamous figures in the history of political thought, Niccolò Machiavelli. Looking both at the Prince and some passages from the Discourses, we ask ourselves what the Florentine can teach us about strategy, the need for vision and flexibility, and the virtues of leaders and citizens in a world of duplicity and chance. Is he a ruthless lover of cruelty, a clear-eyed political scientist, or a partisan defender of freedom as non-domination? patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, ed...2021-08-011h 11Left ReckoningEpisode 28 - Lessons from Michael Brooks & The Problem with ‘Post-Marxism’ ft. Lillian CicerchiaSupport the show at patreon.com/leftreckoning to access the weekly postgame show and more bonus content.Lillian Cicerchia (@LILCICERCHIA) of What's Left of Philosophy joins to discuss how a 1985 book, Laclau & Mouffe's "Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics," exemplified the ideological emphasis on labor.Also, Michael Brooks' posthumous piece on poverty:https://jacobinmag.com/2021/07/michael-brooks-food-stamps-one-year-tributeAnd talk about the Frito-Lay strike in the context of billionaires in space.The Left Reckoning artwork was made by Grant ErtlThe music was composed and performed...2021-07-221h 50What's Left of Philosophy18 | Spinoza: Necessity, Ethics, JoyIn this episode we finally get around to talking about Spinoza. It turns out normativity is kind of complicated when you think everything is strictly determined and there’s no such thing as contingency! We discuss the relationship between affect and power, the inherently social nature of knowledge, and why you should want joy for others as much as for yourself. Along the way we also manage to work in a needless and slanderous dig against Heidegger, just for good measure.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Benedict de Spinoza, Ethics, trans. and ed. Ed...2021-07-171h 13
Lillian CicerchiaAudre Lorde, "The Erotic as Power"Audre Lorde, "The Erotic as Power" by Lillian Cicerchia2021-07-0422 minWhat's Left of Philosophy17 Teaser | What is Dialectics? Part III: What's the Deal with Marx, Anyway?In this Patron exclusive episode, we move to the third part of our mini-series “What is Dialectics?” and take on the works of Karl Marx. The WLOP crew investigates what Marx took and rejected from Hegelian dialectics while defending why Marx remains deeply relevant in our contemporary moment. We cover the role of mystification under capitalism, Marx’s moral and political critique of value, and the future of Marxism in the context of ecological crisis. There’s even a mention of spectres for you Derrida fans out there! It’s a can’t miss episode for sure.Full episode...2021-07-0219 minWhat's Left of Philosophy16 | Erik Olin Wright: Utopia and Social ScienceIn this episode, we discuss Erik Olin Wright’s 2010 book Envisioning Real Utopias. We excavate the relationship between social scientific investigation and normative claims concerning how we ought to structure our society. We ask what a theory of social transformation ought to entail and figure out why we don’t live in the best of all possible worlds yet. So sit back and relax while we pour one out for a real one: Comrade Erik Olin Wright.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Erik Olin Wright, Envisioning Real Utopias, (New York: Verso, 2010).Musi...2021-06-181h 07
Lillian CicerchiaLinda Martín Alcoff, Rape and Resistance Part 2Linda Martín Alcoff, Rape and Resistance Part 2 by Lillian Cicerchia2021-06-1231 min
Lillian CicerchiaLinda Martín Alcoff, Rape and Resistance Part ILinda Martín Alcoff, Rape and Resistance Part I by Lillian Cicerchia2021-06-1029 min
Lillian CicerchiaMichel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1 by Lillian Cicerchia2021-06-0632 minWhat's Left of Philosophy15 | What is Dialectics? Part II: We Need to Talk about HegelIn this episode, we continue our series on dialectics by completely losing our minds talking about Hegel. We break through Kant’s critical prohibition on speculative metaphysics and grasp the in-itself as the movement of dialectical negativity. We realize the unity of opposites. We are seized by the necessity of the absolute Idea in history. It’s a banger, folks. In retrospect, it couldn’t have been any other way.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:G.W.F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, trans. H.B. Nisbet, ed. Allen W. Wood (New Yo...2021-06-041h 16
Lillian CicerchiaKate Manne, Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny (Part 2)Kate Manne, Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny (Part 2) by Lillian Cicerchia2021-06-0325 minLillian CicerchiaKate Manne, Down Girl: The Logic of MisogynyKate Manne, Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny by Lillian Cicerchia2021-05-2731 minWhat's Left of Philosophy14 | Thomas Hobbes Hates Your Book ClubIn this episode, we go back to the seventeenth century to talk about Thomas Hobbes’ hugely influential political philosophy. Focusing mostly on De Cive, we dive into his hilariously bleak anthropology, his totalitarian absolutism, and his uncomfortable fit within the modern tradition of political liberalism. But things are a little more complicated than they first appear: maybe old Bishop Bramhall was right when he said that Hobbes’ ideas are ‘a rebel’s catechism’.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Thomas Hobbes, On the Citizen, ed. and trans. Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne (New York: Cambridge...2021-05-221h 03
Lillian CicerchiaCatharine MacKinnon, Are Women Human?Catharine MacKinnon, Are Women Human? by Lillian Cicerchia2021-05-2039 min
Embrace The VoidEV - 192 Social Economy and Agency with Lillian CicerchiaMy guest this week is Lillian Cicerchia (@LILCICERCH), a postdoc in social philosophy at Free university of Berlin and cohost of What’s left of philosophy pod. We discuss her work on social economy and she helps me parse the relationship between agency talk in theory work and free will talk in analytic philosophy.Convocation: A Scanner Darkly postscriptEditing by Lu Lyons, check out her amazing podcast Filmed Live Musicals! http://www.filmedlivemusicals.com/podcast.htmlMusic by GW RodriguezSibling Pod Philosophers in Space: https://0gphilosophy.libsyn.com/2021-05-141h 10
Lillian CicerchiaJudith Butler, Beside Oneself: On the Limits of Sexual AutonomyJudith Butler, Beside Oneself: On the Limits of Sexual Autonomy by Lillian Cicerchia2021-05-1328 minWhat's Left of Philosophy13 | What is Dialectics? Part I. The Crew Gets Kant-PilledIn this episode, we start our series on dialectics with a conversation about Kant. If you’ve ever wondered what the hell this term means, then the WLOP crew is here for you. We talk about what human beings can know, what we can’t know but need to think, and introduce ourselves to the philosophy of history.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphil References:Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, ed. and trans. Paul Guyer and Allan Wood (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).Immanuel Kant, Critique of the Power of Judgment, ed. Paul...2021-05-071h 02
Lillian CicerchiaJennifer Nash, Love Letter from a CriticJennifer Nash, Love Letter from a Critic by Lillian Cicerchia2021-05-0630 min
Lillian CicerchiaPatricia Hill Collins, Intersectionality as Critical InquiryPatricia Hill Collins, Intersectionality as Critical Inquiry by Lillian Cicerchia2021-04-2930 minWhat's Left of Philosophy12 Teaser | Gustav Landauer: Anarchism, Utopia, CommunityIn this episode, we explore the work of German anarchist Gustav Landauer. We work through the utility of utopia in political transformations and what is required to create richer communities and social life. In the end, we discover the one vibe we’re cool with: joy. Come on through for wild mysticism and learn what Meister Eckhart can do for you while in prison!The full episode is available on our Patreon page.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Gustav Landauer, “Anarchism and Socialism,” in Revolution and Other Writings, edited and translated by Gab...2021-04-2308 min
Lillian CicerchiaJudith Butler, Performative Acts and Gender ConstitutionJudith Butler, Performative Acts and Gender Constitution by Lillian Cicerchia2021-04-2227 min
Lillian CicerchiaBeauvoir, The Second SexBeauvoir, The Second Sex by Lillian Cicerchia2021-04-1534 minWhat's Left of Philosophy11 | Climate Politics and Global Justice (with Dr. Olúfẹ́mi Táíwò)In this episode, we are joined by Professor Olúfẹ́mi Táíwò (@OlufemiOTaiwo) (Georgetown University) to discuss his work on the politics surrounding climate change and generative frameworks for global justice. In this wide-ranging discussion we address the urgency of climate politics for the African continent, what it means to connect the local to the global, and how we can move towards richer forms of collaborative security. We also offer a theory of “vibes” in politics and theory.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Olúfẹ́mi Táíwò, “Who Gets to Feel Secure?” https://aeo...2021-04-101h 18What's Left of Philosophy10 | Donna Haraway: Socialist Cyborg AffinitiesIn this episode, we discuss Donna Haraway’s distinctive socialist cyberfeminism. We talk through the virtues and vices of her version of postmodern feminism and leftism, the ambivalent character of scientific knowledge production and new technologies, and the strange material powers of metaphor. Ask yourself: would you rather be a cyborg or a goddess?patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Donna Haraway, “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century,” in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991).Donna Haraway, “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question...2021-03-281h 15What's Left of Philosophy9 | C.L.R. James: Leadership, Organization, Mass Politics (with Dr. William Clare Roberts)Episode 9 explores the antinomies of autonomy and self-emancipation in the thought of C.L.R. James. Dr. William Clare Roberts joins us to discuss James’ legacy and how it fits into his book project on the history of “history from below.” Please be advised that a side-effect of this episode may be republicanism. (No, you Yanks, not the GOP. It’s the Black Jacobins, get it?)References:CLR James, The Black Jacobins, (New York: Vintage Books, 1989).CLR James, World Revolution 1917-1936: The Rise and Fall of the Communist International (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017)2021-03-121h 01What's Left of Philosophy8 | (Neo)colonialism and AnticolonialismIn episode 8, we look to the writings of Aimé Césaire to guide a conversation about colonialism, neocolonialism, and anti-colonial thought and struggle. Focusing especially on his 1950 Discourse on Colonialism and his 1956 letter to Maurice Thorez—in which he explains his resignation from French Communist Party—we discuss the subjective and objective ‘boomerang effects’ of colonialism on colonizing countries, the tensions between particularism and universalism in putatively global left politics, the relationship between colonialism and capitalism, and the state of neocolonial domination and exploitation.Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism. Ed. Robin D.G. Kelly. Monthly Review Press, 2000...2021-02-261h 06
Lillian CicerchiaLea Ypi, State Theory Part 2 ft. Lea YpiLea Ypi, State Theory Part 2 ft. Lea Ypi by Lillian Cicerchia2021-02-1559 minWhat's Left of Philosophy7 | Why Does Class Matter?Episode 7 dives into class theory as we discuss why it’s important to make a normative case for class politics, misconceptions about who the working class is, and why the labor market dominates. We also ruminate on why workers don’t always organize and why solidarity is a counterculture. Plot twist: Lillian accuses everyone except herself of class reductionism. Lillian Cicerchia, "Why Does Class Matter?", Social Theory and Practice 47:4 (2021): https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=CICWDC&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5840%2Fsoctheorpract2021916136 Claus Offe and Heimut Weisenthal. “Two Logics of Collecti...2021-02-1259 min
Lillian CicerchiaWolfgang Streeck, State Theory Part 1 ft. Jonah BirchWolfgang Streeck, State Theory Part 1 ft. Jonah Birch by Lillian Cicerchia2021-02-051h 22
Lillian CicerchiaAngela Davis, Women, Race, and Class ft. Vanessa WillsAngela Davis, Women, Race, and Class ft. Vanessa Wills by Lillian Cicerchia2021-01-311h 08What's Left of Philosophy6 | What's Left of Positivism (with Dr. Liam Kofi Bright)In this episode, we heal the divide between analytic and continental philosophy by finally giving logical positivism its due. Dr. Liam Kofi Bright (London School of Economics, @lastpositivist) explains the socialist roots of some of the positivists, details their views on the role of science and knowledge in projects of social betterment, and defends the political importance of clarity. patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Hans Hahn, Otto Neurath, and Rudolf Carnap, “The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle,” at https://www.manchesterism.com/the-scientific-conception-of-the-world-the-vienna-circle/Otto Neurath, “Personal Life and Class...2021-01-291h 12
Lillian CicerchiaBarbara Jeanne Fields, Race and Ideology ft. Cedric JohnsonBarbara Jeanne Fields, Race and Ideology ft. Cedric Johnson by Lillian Cicerchia2021-01-231h 21What's Left of Philosophy5 Teaser | Beauvoir: Existentialism and LiberationFull episode on the Patreon: patreon.com/leftofphilosophyIn this episode, we talk about Simone de Beauvoir's masterful book The Ethics of Ambiguity. We spend some time with her typology of inadequate ethical positions, focusing on the subhuman, the serious person, and the nihilist, and discuss what it means to say that freedom is only possible as a liberatory movement. Oh and we make fun of the abstract negation of revolt, the absolute value of the Target corporation, and Ayn Rand's 'epistemology'.follow us @leftofphilReferences:Simone de Beauvoir, The Ethics...2021-01-1514 min
Lillian CicerchiaLise Vogel, Marxism and the Oppression of Women ft. David McNallyLise Vogel, Marxism and the Oppression of Women ft. David McNally by Lillian Cicerchia2021-01-101h 23What's Left of Philosophy4 | Security, Supreme Concept of Bourgeois Society?In our fourth episode we talk about security, digging into Mark Neocleous' argument, following Marx, that security rather than liberty is 'the supreme concept of bourgeois society'. But we also ask the thorny question of how the left can speak to everyone's desire to feel safe while critically highlighting the racialized violence and ruling-class utility of existing security regimes. It's, uh, more fun than that probably sounds.patreon.com/leftofphilosophy | @leftofphilReferences:Mark Neocleous, Critique of Security (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008)Mark Neocleous & George Rigakos (eds.), Anti-Security (Ottawa: Red Quill Books, 2011)2021-01-0158 min