Shows
MetaPodSmarter Logistics: Using AI to Do More with LessExplore operational efficiency and sustainability-driven emissions reduction with Ron Crabtree and Rich Savoie on MetaPod. Dive into AI-powered data harmonization, aligning cost-and-carbon KPIs, and Pareto-focused quick wins.
2025-07-0733 min
MetaPodHow to Relocate Operations Without Regret: What to Plan and What to AvoidExplore manufacturing relocation strategies and common pitfalls to avoid with Kim Crabtree and Neal McGee on this special edition of MetaPod. Dive into proven methods for moving operations, why emotional and operational alignment is key, and how to avoid disaster by asking the right questions before making a move.
2025-07-0316 min
MetaPodSmarter Procurement: Using Software to Transform Sourcing & Supplier StrategyExplore cost transparency and digital procurement transformation with Kim Crabtree and Jeoff Burris on this special edition of MetaPod. Dive into how to build systems that reflect real cost structures, why rapid evolution beats digital revolution, and how smarter sourcing leads to 12-18% savings.
2025-07-0315 min
MetaPodThe ROI of Simulation: How Digital Twin Modeling Drives Financial WinsExplore digital-tein supply-chain simulation and enterprise-wide data aggregation with Kim Crabtree and Greg Smith on this special edition of MetaPod. Dive into how centralized data unlocks proactive risk modeling, why scenario planning beats spreadsheet guesswork, and the concrete savings companies gain when they test “what-if” moves before they act.
2025-07-0323 min
MetaPodHow Smart Companies Prepare for Tariff Waves with Strategic PlanningExplore the total landed cost modeling and strategic supply chain planning with Ron Crabtree and Dennis Schneider on this special edition of MetaPod. Dive into why most companies aren’t fully accounting for tariff impact, how to collect the right data to drive decisions, and what a well-aligned supply chain strategy really looks like.
2025-07-0320 min
MetaPodMisclassified and Overcharged: How Errors in Trade Codes Cost You MoneyExplore the risks of import/export misclassification and tariff compliance strategy with Kim Crabtree and MetaExpert Bob Forshay on this special edition of MetaPod. Dive into why getting trade codes right the first time protects your margins, how to align internal processes with customs documentation, and how to proactively research HTS codes to avoid delays, penalties, and profit loss.
2025-06-2520 min
MetaPodAdapting with Purpose: How to Align Your Strategy to Tariff RisksExplore tariff-driven relocation readiness and supply chain diversification strategy with Kim Crabtree and MetaExpertⓇ Bez Hoxha on this special edition of Meta Pod. Dive into a five-phase framework for relocation decisions, the critical role of up-front legal/compliance alignment, and the hidden blind spots that sink rushed moves.
2025-06-2512 min
MetaPodProfit Under Fire: How to Navigate Tariffs Without Sacrificing SupplyExplore tariff strategy and supply chain resilience with MetaExpertⓇ Ben Harmsen on this special edition of MetaPod. Dive into how one company protected $80M in revenue, minimized price increases, and reduced China exposure—all while navigating rising costs, supplier diversification, and trade compliance challenges. This real-world case study offers practical steps for leaders facing global disruption.
2025-06-2510 min
MetaPodPractical AI for Your Team: Train Faster, Work SmarterExplore the skilled trades labor shortage and AI-powered onboarding with Ron Crabtree and Derek Crager on MetaPod. Dive into how AI tools like voice-activated mentors can capture tribal knowledge, reduce downtime, and scale expert insights across shifts.
Know more about Practical AI:
www.practicalai.app
https://www.linkedin.com/in/amazonleadership/
2025-06-2339 min
MetaPodFrom Stalled to Soaring: How Culture, Talent, and Mindset Fuel ResilienceExplore the untapped power of human potential and organizational change readiness with Ron Crabtree and Ernesto Gomez on MetaPod. Dive into strategies to unlock performance, assess team culture, and identify what’s really holding your organization back.
2025-06-0949 min
The Innovation Meets Leadership Podcast9. Leading Innovation in the Digital Supply Chain with Ron CrabtreeWhat’s the real reason most digital transformation projects fail—and what are successful leaders doing differently? In this episode, Natalie welcomes Ron Crabtree, founder and CEO of MetaOps and MetaExperts. With over 30 years of experience in operations, supply chain, and digital transformation, Ron shares hard-earned insights from his work across industries—from automotive to tech to manufacturing consulting. He explains how emerging technologies like AI and automation are impacting supply chains and operational models, why change management is often an afterthought, and how organizations can better equip leaders and teams to embrace complexity. This conversation offers a practical lens i...2025-06-0826 min
MetaPodThe Forever Labor Shortage: How to Train, Retain, and ThriveExplore the forever labor shortage and workforce efficiency strategies with Ron Crabtree and Travis Ellinger on MetaPod. Dive into why technical roles are increasingly hard to fill, how to build sustainable talent pipelines, and the four-step plan to retain workers and maximize internal capabilities.
2025-05-2632 min
MetaPodBeyond Tariffs: Building Agile, Compliance-Ready Supply Chains for the FutureExplore the realities of global tariff disruptions and data-driven supply chain diagnostics with Ron Crabtree and Greg Smith on MetaPod. Dive into how disjointed data systems create operational risk, why Excel is still dominating supply chain floors (and why that’s a problem), and how to build proactive, risk-ready systems, especially in regulated industries like life sciences.
2025-05-1235 min
Talking with the Experts#603 Mastering Change: Operational Leadership Unlocked with Ron CrabtreeWelcome to Talking with the Experts, where we dive deep into the insights that fuel real business success. In this compelling episode, host Rose Davidson is joined by operational change strategist Ron Crabtree to explore The Critical Role of Operational Leadership in Driving Business Success.Ron shares over 30 years of frontline experience in transforming organizations through strategic change. From healthcare to manufacturing, Ron has helped global enterprises improve processes, reduce waste, and embed sustainable growth strategies. A Master Lean Six Sigma Black Belt and founder of MetaOps™, he brings a wealth of practical tools, and a laser fo...2025-05-0632 min
MetaPodFrom the Floor Up: How Frontline Teams Can Lead Your Digital TransformationExplore the power of citizen developers and boosting frontline engagement with Ron Crabtree and John Papastylianou on MetaPod. Dive into why traditional top-down tech strategies often fail, how low/no-code tools can unlock shop floor innovation, and why observation, not just data, is the key to real change.
2025-04-2835 min
State Of ReadinessState of Readiness | Ron Crabtree; CEO of MetaOps Inc and MetaExperts Video Version About the Podcast In the realm of strategic business discussions, Ron Crabtree, a seasoned entrepreneur, assumed the mantle of authority. With a keen understanding of the trials and tribulations inherent in business scaling and talent acquisition within dynamic environments, he underscored the necessity of fostering robust professional networks and discerning between strategic and tactical hiring approaches. In collaboration with the esteemed Joseph Paris...2025-04-211h 04
MetaPodFixing the IT Bottleneck in ManufacturingExplore the evolving role of internal IT and cybersecurity essentials with Ron Crabtree and Jeff Borello on MetaPod. Dive into how IT can become a strategic advantage, why cybersecurity should be every manufacturer’s top priority, and how to tackle technology debt before it cripples your operations.
2025-04-1333 min
MetaPodBeyond the Buzzwords: Practical Strategies for Driving High-Performance TeamsExplore the forever labor shortage and cultural transformation with Ron Crabtree and guests Steve McKeon and Lupe Muñoz on MetaPod. Dive into practical strategies for assessing organizational trust, developing leadership accountability, and building systems that sustain high-performance teams.
2025-03-3154 min
MetaPodWhy Digital Transformations Fail: Fixing Process Debt for Lasting ImpactExplore the hidden pitfalls of digital transformation and how to make changes stick with Ron Crabtree and James Cuthbert on MetaPod. Dive into the concept of process debt, why 80% of digital rollouts fail, and how organizations can bridge the gap between technology, people, and culture.
2025-03-1730 min
MetaPodThe Tariff Storm is Coming—Is Your Business Ready?Explore the impact of tariffs on supply chains and how businesses can navigate financial, legal, and operational risks with Ron Crabtree and Jeoff Burris on MetaPod. Dive into how tariffs could reshape procurement strategies, the risks of being the last supplier standing, and the opportunity costs of focusing solely on tariffs instead of strategic initiatives.
2025-03-0238 min
MetaPodManufacturing in the New Economy: Are You Ready for What’s Next?Explore the challenges of onshoring, labor shortages, and cost inflation with Ron Crabtree and Steve Snedegar on MetaPod. Dive into how manufacturers can increase capacity and implement automation, key strategies for addressing labor shortages, and how to manage cost inflation and pricing for profitability.
2025-02-1642 min
The Sourcing HeroEp 201: Setting the Stage for Sustainable Change feat. Ron CrabtreeDepending on your point of view, the idea of transformation is either alluring or terrifying - or maybe a little bit of both? And while procurement teams rarely have the formal skillset to lead transformation projects, they are often tasked with just that. Fortunately, with a bit of planning and some well asked questions, it is possible to keep your transformation on track.
In this episode of The Sourcing Hero podcast, Host Kelly Barner welcomes Ron Crabtree. Ron is the CEO of MetaOps and MetaExperts, organizations focused on business process improvement. He has over 30 years of experience...2025-02-0524 min
MetaPodGrowth Done Right: Sustainable Scaling StrategiesExplore the challenges of achieving sustainable growth in the face of labor shortages, digitization pressures, and doing more with less with Ron Crabtree and Joe Spadaford on MetaPod. Dive into strategies for strengthening your value proposition, optimizing your operating model, and engaging your workforce to support long-term scaling.
To get in touch with Joe Spadaford:
Joseph Spadaford, President of J Francis Consulting LLC
2948 Horseshoe Trail, Chester Springs, PA 19425
Cell: 781-363-1687
e-mail: jfrancis2948@gmail.com2025-02-0330 min
Digital Innovations in Oil and Gas with Geoffrey CannBuilding the Workforce of the Future: Insights with Ron CrabtreeThe energy industry faces a dual challenge: addressing the growing skills gap as experienced workers retire, and attracting a tech-savvy younger workforce. Meanwhile, digital transformation is reshaping the landscape, introducing complex tools like AI and automation into traditional workflows. In this episode, I interview Ron Crabtree, CEO of MetaOps and MetaExperts, about bridging the workforce gap. The interview considers how companies can identify critical skills for the future, implement effective mentorship programs, and create the kinds of roles that attract and retain young talent. We flag the “wisdom gap” caused by retiring baby boomers and consider steps to b...2025-01-3135 min
MetaPodTariff Changes Ahead: How to Prepare Your Global Supply ChainExplore the impacts of upcoming tariff changes and global supply chain strategies with Ron Crabtree and Karen King on MetaPod. Dive into the importance of trade compliance personnel, the need for global supply chain visibility, and strategies to mitigate escalating duties and tariffs.
2025-01-1936 min
The Leadership ExchangeS2E9 - Balancing Technology and People: The Key to Sustainable Change With Ron Crabtree Part 2Send us a textReady to transform how you approach transformation itself? This episode is your essential guide. The world of leadership and organizational change is complex, but Ron Crabtree has distilled decades of experience into a remarkably simple yet powerful formula that predicts the success of any transformation initiative. In this thought-provoking conversation with Steve McKeon and Lupe Munoz, Ron reveals why 80-90% of digital transformations fail to deliver their promised results - and how leaders can dramatically improve their odds.At the heart of successful change lies the D×V×S fo...2025-01-1628 min
MetaPodDoing More with Less: Strategic Insights on Operational ExcellenceExplore the challenges of doing more with less and operational alignment with Ron Crabtree and David Hewitt on MetaPod. Dive into streamlining logistics, prioritizing key customers with the 80/20 principle, and building a culture of continuous improvement.
2025-01-0534 minThe Leadership ExchangeS2E8 - Culture Isn't Accidental: Strategic Leadership for the Digital Age with Ron Crabtree Part 1Send us a textReady to evolve your leadership approach for today's complex challenges? Listen now and discover how to create an environment where your team can thrive amid constant change.Leadership is evolving at breakneck speed, and Ron Crabtree brings decades of operational excellence expertise to help us navigate these changes. As founder of MetaOps and MetaExperts, Ron shares how the fundamentals of effective leadership have transformed over his 22-year journey helping organizations implement transformational change.The conversation opens with Ron's formative leadership lesson from early in his career—when his interviewer immediately co...2024-12-2236 min
MetaPodWinning the Digital Game: AI Strategies for Digital TransformationExplore the challenges of AI adoption and digital transformation with Ron Crabtree and Richard Ricks on MetaPod. Dive into strategies for overcoming cultural resistance, the importance of data readiness, and leveraging AI for competitive advantage.
2024-12-1632 min
No Limit Leadership62: Master Change or Perish w/ Ron CrabtreeIn this No Limits Leadership podcast episode, Sean Patton interviews Ron Crabtree, who shares insights on digital transformation, its components, and the challenges organizations face in implementing change. Ron emphasizes the importance of understanding the interplay between people, processes, and technology and discusses the ongoing labor shortage in various industries. He highlights the critical role of effective change management and communication in ensuring successful digital transformation initiatives while also addressing the need for organizations to adapt quickly to the ever-evolving business landscape.Ron Crabtree, is the founder and CEO of MetaOps™ and MetaExperts™Inc. He is an inte...2024-12-1048 min
MetaPodFrom Chaos to Clarity: Aligning Behaviors with Business Systems for Lasting SuccessExplore behavioral alignment and continuous improvement with Ron Crabtree and Kenneth Wisinski on MetaPod. Dive into how buzzwords like "empowerment" and "teamwork" translate into measurable behaviors, uncover the role of viral behaviors in shaping organizational culture, and learn actionable strategies to create sustainable improvements.
2024-12-0238 min
MetaPodFrom Strategy to Action: How Sustainability Drives ProfitExplore sustainability as a tool for profitability and the impact of ESG on organizational growth with Ron Crabtree and Chris Workman on MetaPod. Dive into real-world energy and waste reduction strategies, social sustainability for retention, and governance improvements that drive efficiency.
2024-11-1829 min
Management Blueprint | Steve Preda258: Stop the Crazy Waste with Ron Crabtree
https://youtu.be/bwd1bPIT3KA
Ron Crabtree, CEO of MetaExperts, is driven by a mission to stop waste in organizations by addressing digital transformation, labor shortages, and operational excellence.
We learn about Ron’s journey in supporting businesses, especially in manufacturing, to navigate these critical issues. He explains his framework for transformation, focusing on three pillars: digital transformation with practical applications of AI and automation, workforce development to address labor shortages, and Lean Six Sigma practices to eliminate waste and optimize processes. He highlights the importance of value stream mapping and applying the Pareto principle to ta...2024-11-1121 min
MetaPodMastering Process Improvement: Merging Traditional Methods with Cutting-Edge TechnologyExplore the intersection of traditional operational methods and modern technological advancements with Ron Crabtree and guests Mike Collins and Rishi Patil on MetaPod. Dive into the challenges of digital transformation, the nuances of operational consulting, and the integration of AI with management strategies.
2024-11-0349 min
MetaPodThe Medical Device Industry - 3 Critical Challenges and the Way ForwardExplore the challenges of cybersecurity and supply chain complexities in the medical device industry with Ron Crabtree and Michael O’Connor on Meta Pod. Dive into the urgency of enhancing cybersecurity, optimizing supply chain resilience, and addressing the skilled labor shortage.
2024-10-1938 min
MetaPodThe Post-Covid Supply Chain – Everything You Know Is WrongExplore digital transformation and the triple bottom line in the post-COVID supply chain with Ron Crabtree and Gary Smith on Meta Pod. Dive into the essential shift towards digital and AI-enhanced operations, the integration of people-first strategies in supply chain management, and the importance of reshoring and regionalization in the new normal of business operations.
2024-10-1535 min
MetaPodSupply Chain Success: Building a High-Performing Procurement TeamExplore the challenges and opportunities in procurement with Ron Crabtree and Anders Lillevik on Meta Pod. Dive into the intricacies of cost reduction, process risks, and the potential for process automation.
2024-10-0632 min
MetaPodMastering Efficiency: Tier-1 Automotive TransformationExplore the intricacies of digital transformation and innovative labor strategies with Ron Crabtree and Alan Shevela on Meta Pod. Dive into the importance of strategic digitization, effective labor management, and the necessity of continuous improvement in the auto industry.
2024-09-2136 min
MetaPodBridging the Wisdom Gap: Accelerating New Talent in Competitive LandscapeExplore the challenges of the Wisdom Gap and Technical Debt with Ron Crabtree and Alan Willett on Meta Pod. Dive into the nuances of bridging knowledge transitions, optimizing technical efficiencies, and empowering the next generation of leaders.
2024-09-0733 min
MetaPodLeveraging AI & Digitization in ProcurementExplore the transformative impact of AI and digitization in procurement with Ron Crabtree and Edmund Zagorin on MetaPod. Dive into the critical diagnostics for assessing procurement processes, practical strategies for integrating technology in procurement, and the importance of AI curiosity in modern procurement practices.
2024-08-2441 min
Gemba Academy Podcast: Lean Six Sigma | Toyota Kata | Productivity | LeadershipGA 542 | The Digitization of Work with Ron CrabtreeThis week's guest is Ron Crabtree. The two Rons discussed the concept of digital transformation, or digitization, including what it entails, how to navigate these transformations, and more. An MP3 audio version of this episode is available for download here.
In this episode you'll learn:
The quote Ron likes (2:54)
His background (3:22)
What a digital transformation or "digitization" means (7:47)
An anecdote about a decal manufacturer (11:31)
Ron's thoughts on where to start (13:15)
The three things to think about first (20:14)
His parting thoughts (24:50)
Podcast Resources
Right Click to Download this Podcast as an MP3
Gemba Academy Live Events
Ron on LinkedIn
MetaExperts
MetaPod
G...2024-08-2228 min
MetaPodLeveraging AI & Digitization in Logistics and TransportationExplore the integration of AI and the digitization of logistics with Ron Crabtree and Derek Browning on MetaPod. Dive into the transformative power of AI in logistics, strategies for overcoming digital transformation challenges, and insights on optimizing transportation management systems.
2024-08-1030 min
MetaPod3 Must-Master Skills for Your Sourcing TeamExplore the nuances of Category Management and Cost Engineering with Ron Crabtree and Mike Wynn on Meta Pod. Dive into strategic sourcing, effective cost management, and the significance of scenario planning.
2024-07-2725 min
MetaPod3 Must-Master Skills for Purchasing And Procurement TeamsExplore the nuances of negotiation and understanding cost with Ron Crabtree and Jeoff Burris on MetaPod. Dive into enhancing negotiation skills, deep diving into cost understanding, and the strategic use of AI in procurement.
2024-07-1347 min
MetaPod3 Must-Master Skills for Supplier Performance ManagementExplore the intricacies of supplier performance development and management with Ron Crabtree and Greg Cable on MetaPod. Dive into effective communication strategies, the importance of feedback mechanisms, and the role of solid relationships in supplier performance.
2024-06-2938 min
MetaPodSupply Chain 2030 – How Reshoring Will Impact Your Supply ChainExplore the future of supply chains and the reshoring trend with Ron Crabtree and Bruce Imel on MetaPod. Dive into the strategic benefits of localized supply chains, the operational risks of lengthy overseas supply, and the financial impact of supply chain decisions on business continuity.
2024-06-2235 min
MetaPodSupply Chain 2030 – Addressing 'The Forever Labor Shortage'Explore the challenges of the forever labor shortage and strategic workforce stability with Ron Crabtree and Jim Bitterle on MetaPod. Dive into effective strategies to address labor shortages, the importance of talent retention, and innovative approaches to workforce management.
2024-06-1538 min
MetaPodSupply Chain 2030 -- Navigating AI and Digitization Threats & OpportunitiesExplore digital transformation and supply chain optimization with Ron Crabtree and Sanjay Khunger on MetaPod. Dive into practical advice on AI integration, the impact of digital transformation, and managing data inconsistencies.
2024-06-0834 min
LogísticaSupply Chain 2030 with Ron CrabtreeRon Crabtree and Joe Lynch discuss Supply Chain 2030. Ron is the Founder and CEO of MetaOps & MetaExperts, a global network of operational excellence rockstars ready to tackle your toughest challenges. They'll diagnose your problems and get you back on track, fast. Summary: Supply Chain 2030 In this podcast, Joe Lynch and Ron Crabtree delve into the critical challenges and trends shaping the future of the supply chain industry. They discuss the importance of digitalization, automation, and AI readiness in transforming supply chain operations. The podcast also explores the impending labor shortage crisis and the need for organizations to focus on lean t...2024-06-031h 00
The Logistics of LogisticsSupply Chain 2030 with Ron CrabtreeRon Crabtree and Joe Lynch discuss Supply Chain 2030. Ron is the Founder and CEO of MetaOps & MetaExperts, a global network of operational excellence rockstars ready to tackle your toughest challenges. They'll diagnose your problems and get you back on track, fast. Summary: Supply Chain 2030 In this podcast, Joe Lynch and Ron Crabtree delve into the critical challenges and trends shaping the future of the supply chain industry. They discuss the importance of digitalization, automation, and AI readiness in transforming supply chain operations. The podcast also explores the impending labor shortage crisis and the need for organizations to f...2024-06-031h 00
MetaPodSupply Chain 2030 – Environment, Social, Government ImpactEvery supply chain leader is juggling environmental, social, and governance issues every day. On this episode of MetaPod, Ron Crabtree and guest Simone Ross dive into the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the role of audits and certifications in maintaining supply chain integrity, and the critical need for comprehensive data collection and communication strategies.
2024-06-0139 min
MetaPodLeveraging Interim Talent in Finance OperationsJoin Ron Crabtree and guest John Dennison as they discuss leveraging interim talent in finance operations. They explore diagnostics, practical advice, and real-life examples, emphasizing HR management, technology, and seizing sales opportunities.
2024-05-2527 min
MetaPodLeveraging Interim Talent in Operational LeadershipReady to leverage interim talent in operational leadership? Tune into an in-depth conversation with Stephen Cherlet to gain insights into integrating interim leaders seamlessly.
2024-05-1828 min
MetaPodOptimizing Interim Talent in Supply Chain OperationsBryan Seidensticker shares insights on utilizing interim talent to optimize supply chain operations, addressing challenges such as digital transformation and labor shortages for enhanced profitability and growth.
2024-05-1126 min
MetaPodInterim Executive Sales Talent: Boosting Profits and GrowthDiscover how to leverage interim executive sales talent to drive your company’s growth and profits on Meta Pod, with practical strategies and expert advice from seasoned sales leader Henning Schwinum.
2024-05-0417 min
MetaPodDefense Production Act: Leveraging Funding OpportunitiesReady to secure government funding for your supply chain? Join Ron and experts Marty Abbott and Phil Winkler while they dive into the Defense Production Act and give actionable strategies for businesses to secure federal funding to enhance their supply chain resilience.
2024-04-2624 min
MetaPodDefense Production Act: Supply Chain Strategies & Growth ImplicationsJim Gitney shares insights on utilizing the Defense Production Act for business strategy, emphasizing marketplace understanding, strategic agility, and rebuilding manufacturing muscle to navigate global supply chain challenges and enhance competitiveness.
2024-04-1921 min
MetaPodDefense Production Act: Supply Chain Risk & Resilience
Explore the Defense Production Act and supply chain resilience with Ron Crabtree and guest Jim de Vries on Meta Pod. Dive into risks, strategies, and the importance of diversification in today's challenging operational landscape.
2024-04-1224 minThe Logistics of LogisticsSourcing Strategy: Effective vs Efficient with Ron CrabtreeSourcing Strategy: Effective vs Efficient with Ron Crabtree Joe Lynch and Ron Crabtree discuss sourcing strategy: effective vs efficient. When developing a sourcing strategy, the focus can be effectiveness (gaining desired results) or on efficiency (reducing cost, labor, and resources used). About Ron Crabtree Ron Crabtree, CPIM, CIRM, CSCP, MLSSBB, SCOR-P is the founder and CEO (2002) of MetaOps™, Inc. he is an internationally recognized expert in leading-edge business process improvement methodologies. Mr. Crabtree is a Master Lean Six Sigma Black Belt, a Certified Supply Chain Transformation Architect and an expert in effective change management, facilitation, and communications. He...2021-03-1228 minThe Logistics of LogisticsThe Hidden Solution to Most Supply Chain Problems with Ron Crabtree[00:37] Please tell us a little about you and your company. I’m Ron Crabtree, CEO and Founder of MetaOps, Inc. We are located in Metro Detroit. We specialize in providing interim and contract to hire talent at the highest level. I grew up near Kalamazoo and ended up going to night school for over seventeen years. Eventually, I emerged with an undergrad in organizational development. Before starting MetaOps, I had a career of about twenty years in supply chain. [05:18] Talk about the most common supply chain problems you encounter with MetaOps. Everybody’s got common challenges at t...2019-10-1429 min