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Troy Sternberg

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环境与发展环境与发展COP16 : 专家谈中亚地区的荒漠化与中国的绿色长城联合国预防荒漠化公约缔约方大会下周将继续在沙特阿拉伯的首都利雅得进行,我们借此机会来关注一下包括中国北部地区在内的中亚的荒漠化问题以及被称为是中国的绿色长城的中国三北防护林的作用,因为事实上,除了非洲以及中东地区之外,中国也是世界上荒漠化现象最严重的国家之一,尤其是在中国西藏的北部,新疆以及内蒙古地区。三年前,中法学者曾经在科学杂志上发表文章,对该地区面对的或许无可逆转的沙漠化威胁拉向了警钟。那么,科学家们提出上述警告的依据是什么?气候模式的可信度又如何?中国的绿色长城是否真如中国官方所称賛的那样是一大成功。 我们就此电话采访了此一科研报告的作者之一,目前在德国博斯坦大学气候中心工作的法国科研中心研究员继尧姆 杜鹏尼维特先生 (Guillaume Dupont -Nivet )杜鹏尼维特先生首先向法广介绍了他们发表这篇学术报告的经过以及报告的主要内容:Guillaume Dupont -Nivet:这篇学术报告是由多个国家的研究团队经过多年的实地考察与分析研究而获得的成果,多位法国,荷兰以及中国的科学家参与了此项研究,荷兰学者在研究花粉化石方面具有专长,这项研究起源于一个欧洲的名叫Magic的科研项目,项目研究的重点是季风对青藏高原以北,中亚地区的气候的影响,我们的研究主要聚焦中亚地区。我们是如何找到研究古代气候的考古资料?我们主要是在当地的一些湖泊的湖心采取到一些古代的植物尤其是花粉的化石,通过对这些资料的分析与研究,我们得以将当地的气候环境追溯到几千万前之前,发现了当地的气候在数千万年内演变的主要的脉络:首先是五千万年之前,地球上的温度要比今天高得多,大气中的二氧化碳的浓度也要比今天高得多,至于温度之所以下降的原因,我们今天依然无法解释,其次,是五六千万年前,印度版块与亚洲版块发生撞击,这就形成了喜马拉雅山等当地的一些主要的山脉,这些山脉的形成完全改变了当地的气候,加剧了印度以及中国等地的季风的强度,与此同时,西藏的西北部变得越来越干旱,沙漠逐渐在这里形成。第三大因素是,在三千万年之前,在今天的中国与地中海之间曾经是一片浩大的海洋,覆盖了今天欧亚大陆几乎所有的陆地。但是这片大海很快就消失了,今天只留下了黑海,咸海以及里海,这片大海消失的时候,也对地区的气候产生了很大的影响,原先湿润的气候变得干燥,土地也逐渐变成荒漠。这就是中亚地区四千万年前的气候。之后,这里的气候演变分为一下几个重要的阶段:首先是三千万年前左右,北极冰帽的形成吸收入了地球上大量的海水,使海平面大幅度下降,导致中亚地区的沙漠化逐渐显现,许多植物或者消失或者适应气候的变化而改变自己,中亚的草原逐渐变成沙漠,这是在3400万年前发生的。随后在1700万年前,沙漠又逐渐变绿,这主要是由于空气中二氧化碳的增加而导致的气温的升高,不过,在1500万年之后,气候又开始变冷,随着第二个冰盖的形成,气候变得越来越干燥,虽然沙漠化现象并没有象第一个冰盖形成时一样严重,但是,气候要比之前干燥得多。法广 : 那么,中亚地区的气候变化是否带有周期性?气候模拟模式预测中亚与中国北部地区的未来的数十年内气温会持续上升并且变得越来越干燥,您是否认可气候模式的模拟结果?Guillaume Dupont -Nivet:这是一个很好的问题,从很长时间段来看,也就是从数千万年,数百万年的时间段来看,气候并没有周期性的特点,但是,从比较短的时间段来看,也就是从千年以及万年的角度来看,气候确实存在一些周期性的特点。不过这与气候模式的模拟所需要的数据无关,气候模式主要依赖空气中二氧化碳的浓度,由于近期大气中二氧化碳的浓度的大幅度增加,我们不得不回到很久以前,也就是两三千万年以前,回到大气中二氧化碳浓度相对等的时代,因为在一百万年前这个浓度都要低得多。但是,我们必须注意的是,气候模式预测的是一种整体的倾向,也就是说,尽管气候模式预测出整个亚洲地区都会变得越来越干燥,气温越来越高,但是,这并不排除有一些国家与地区因为受到季风雨的影响而降雨量增加,中国,印度,以及东南亚的许多地区都会受到季风的影响,而另一些地区例如,西亚的哈萨克斯坦等国,则可能会变得更加干燥。不过,温度的增加会增加雨水蒸发量,在某些地区或许会抵消降雨量的增加,因此不应该一概而论,有些地区虽然降雨量增加了,但是由于气温的上升导致大量的雨水的蒸发,因此,依然难以遏止荒漠化的推进。法广 : 荒漠化是影响人类生存和发展的重大生态问题,中国的荒漠化土地面积占国土面积的26.81%。中国国家林业局上个世纪提出在中国的西北,华北以及东北地区修建一条森林带,工程自1978年11月启动,预计于2050年完成,三北防护林跨越中国十三个省与自治区,东起黑龙江省的宾县,西至新疆的乌孜别里山口,东西长4480公里,南北宽560-1460公里。是世界上最大的生态工程。工程启动四十多年来,按照中国官媒新华社的报道,46年间,工程区45%以上可治理沙化土地面积得到初步治理,超过三千万公顷农田得到有效庇护。不过,也有海外专家对中国的这座绿色长城的实际效益提出质疑,认为中国官方将此项目完全政治化,《纽约时报》几年前采访了牛津大学从事地理研究的特洛伊·斯滕伯格(Troy Sternberg),他认为中国官方夸大了绿色长城的实际效益,认为某些沙漠地区的绿化并不归功于人为的努力,而不过是气候的局部变化导致降雨量增加所产生的结果。他甚至怀疑这些计划与大规模的迁移少数民族以及开采矿藏有关,不知您对绿色长城有何看法?Guillaume Dupont -Nivet:我的博士论文研究的就是中国课题,我与中国同行共同合作了多年,我对中国的绿色长城有切身的体会,虽然这并不是我的研究课题,但是,从1998年以来,我几乎每年都要去青藏高原北部进行实地考察,就我个人来说,我对绿色长城印象深刻,我亲眼目睹了绿色长城如何逐渐成长,以及有一段时间又曾经经历了许多失败的阶段,我看到中国方面如何作出努力,这确实是十分令人震撼的工程。我看到了一大片的地区被森林绿化,但是,我也看到了大约是在2008或者2009年,曾经出现了大规模的森林退化的现象。绿色长城的打造其实对我们的研究工作也十分有意义,因为我们从事古气候研究所需要的许多重要的参照就是古代植物的花粉的化石,这样我们就可以推算出是哪些类型的植物在哪个时代生长,以及它们如何随着气候的演变而演变,而且绿色长城也会重现出大自然在几百年,几千年以前的模样,因为人类活动完全改变了大自然原先的模样,原先的森林被大规模的砍伐之后,变成了草原,有意思的是,绿色长城或许再现了这些地区在草原出现之前,在牲畜在这里吃草之前是个什么样子。我知道有人对绿色长城的功效提出质疑,但是,据我个人的观察,应该说,我从1998年开始,基本上每年都会去西藏北部的地区,我在实地观察到的是植树造林确实起到了具体的作用,有些地区整整一大片变成了绿洲,而这并不是由于气候的原因,而且,我们也在我们的数据库中寻找到,其实这些地区在一万年前,或者几千年前就曾经是绿洲,只是这些森林的树木因种种原因遭到砍伐。至于这些地区的绿化是否是由于气候的变化,不排除有些地方或许确实受气候的影响,不过,就我所观察到的那些地区而言,很明显,它们的绿化完全取决于绿色长城计划的推动。因为,在当地荒漠化的推进愈演愈烈,大自然不可能仅仅依靠自身来抵抗。这个荒漠化过程并非是全面整体化进行的,在某些地区会出现一些四周被沙漠环绕的绿洲,但是,这些绿洲终将会被沙漠所吞食,直到最后整个地区都变成荒漠,要遏止此一进展,重新回到以前的生态状况几乎是不可能的,除非在这个过程中产生了一种能够抵御荒漠化的新的植物。在中国的实践,尤其是在塔里木盆地的塔克拉玛干沙漠地区的试验十分有价值,因为他们经过多次试验,终于种植了适合在沙漠中生长的树木,所以,我觉得在中国人们学会了如何使一些地区重新成为绿洲。非常法国科研中心研究员继尧姆杜鹏尼维特先生(Guillaume Dupont -Nivet )接受法广的采访。2024-12-0612 minGuldpladenGuldpladenFilmaftenI aften skal vi placere musik i en række fiktive film og deltagerne har endda også været opfindsomme og også fundet på cast og handling for Den Store Bagedyst THE MOVIE, Barbie 2 og Festen i et interntionalt remake.Aftens deltagere er: Jonas Gülstorff (radiovært og forfatter), Frederik Juul (PhD studerede i musik streaming) og Emilie Skov Sørensen (music supervisor).Vært er som altid: Rasmus Damsholt Musik i episoden:"Festen" i et internationalt remakeJoanna Sternberg - People Are Toys to Y...2023-11-081h 47How I See ItHow I See It"The Bible, Smoked Meat & Football" - Troy Knight, Part 2Listen in to part 2 of our interview with our good friend and Pastor, Troy Knight. Troy is the lead pastor at Generations Church in Southport NC and the owner/co-founder of the local barbecue restaurants, Southport Smokehouse and Leland Smokehouse. In these episodes, we cover a lot of ground. Topics covered include what it takes to balance his two passions, advice to 20-something young men, what it's like to have a daughter pursuing ministry leadership, and even a little football. If you haven't yet, be sure to listen to part 1 first!2023-01-1047 minHow I See ItHow I See It"The Bible, Smoked Meat & Football" - Troy Knight, Part 2Listen in to part 2 of our interview with our good friend and Pastor, Troy Knight. Troy is the lead pastor at Generations Church in Southport NC and the owner/co-founder of the local barbecue restaurants, Southport Smokehouse and Leland Smokehouse. In these episodes, we cover a lot of ground. Topics covered include what it takes to balance his two passions, advice to 20-something young men, what it's like to have a daughter pursuing ministry leadership, and even a little football. If you haven't yet, be sure to listen to part 1 first!2023-01-1047 minHow I See ItHow I See It"The Bible, Smoked Meat & Football" - Troy Knight, Part 1Happy New Year from How I See It! To kick off 2023, we're bringing you a 2-part interview with our good friend and Pastor, Troy Knight. Troy is the lead pastor and cofounder of Generations Church in Southport NC and the owner/co-founder of the local barbecue restaurants, Southport Smokehouse and Leland Smokehouse. In these episodes, we cover a lot of ground. Topics covered include what it takes to balance his two passions, advice to 20-something young men, what it's like to have a daughter pursuing ministry leadership, and even a little football. Join us this week and next for...2023-01-0348 minHow I See ItHow I See It"The Bible, Smoked Meat & Football" - Troy Knight, Part 1Happy New Year from How I See It! To kick off 2023, we're bringing you a 2-part interview with our good friend and Pastor, Troy Knight. Troy is the lead pastor and cofounder of Generations Church in Southport NC and the owner/co-founder of the local barbecue restaurants, Southport Smokehouse and Leland Smokehouse. In these episodes, we cover a lot of ground. Topics covered include what it takes to balance his two passions, advice to 20-something young men, what it's like to have a daughter pursuing ministry leadership, and even a little football. Join us this week and next for...2023-01-0348 minOfiktion - av Härnösands bibliotekOfiktion - av Härnösands bibliotekDel 4. VetenskapshistoriaAiri och Anna pratar om böcker tar upp vetenskapshistoria, med fokus på naturvetenskap. Det finns många spännande berättelser, allt från strapatser i Spetsbergen till en vetenskapsman som är med i en duell. Böcker som nämns: Nytänkarna : den arabiska vetenskapens gyllene tid. Jim Al-Khalili (2010) Teorier på 30 sekunder. De 50 mest tankeväckande vetenskapliga teorierna, var och en förklarad på en halv minut. Red Paul Parsons (2014)  Jakten på Venus. Andrea Wulf (2014) Perfektionisterna : precision, ingenjörskonst och den moderna världens tillkomst. Simon Winchester (2020) Sprickan i s...2021-08-1729 minVoice of All - The Magic Story Audio DramaVoice of All - The Magic Story Audio DramaStrixhaven 4: Put To The TestThe Oriq attack Strixhaven with an army of powerful mage hunters. Can Liliana, Rowan, and Will fight them off? Original Story: https://magic.wizards.com/en/articles/archive/magic-story/episode-4-put-test-2021-04-14 Voice Credits: Arlo Wickel: Phoenix Madrone http://izzet-bedtime-yet.tumblr.com/ Student 1: Abzanascendancy https://abzanascendancy.tumblr.com/ Student 2: Rebecca Sternberg https://twitter.com/RMS_does_stuff Will: Troy Allan https://www.troygielvo.com/ Plink: magykkatte https://twitter.com/KatteNoel Auvernine: Rachel Lee https://twitter.com/RaycherVo Rowan: Nyla C. (toxous) https://twitter.com/toxous Liliana: Susie Odneal https://twitter.com/soozical Dean Imbraham: J.W. Forsyth https://twitter...2021-06-1133 minFuturemakersFuturemakersIs climate conflict inevitable?In this Futuremakers episode we ask experts the question - is climate conflict inevitable? In 2010, Jeffrey Mazo outlined in his book 'How global warming threatens security and what to do about it' four ways in which climate and environmental change could produce security threats - a general systemic weakening, boundary disputes, resource wars, and by multiplying instability in already fragile or weak states.  Yet so far in our second series, with conversations around energy use, international treaties and individual choices, talk of conflict has received much less attention.  Is this a fair reflection of the relative threat, or should people be pa...2019-12-1349 minFuturemakersFuturemakersIs climate conflict inevitable?In 2010, Jeffrey Mazo outlined in his book ‘How global warming threatens security and what to do about it’ four ways in which climate and environmental change could produce security threats: ·     a general systemic weakening,  ·     boundary disputes, ·     resource wars, ·     and by multiplying instability in already fragile or weak states.  Yet so far in our second series, with conversations around energy use, international treaties and individual choices, talk of conflict has received much less attention.  Is this a fair reflection of the relative threat, or should people be paying far more attention to these potential future developments? Is global conflict due to climate change inevitab...2019-12-0149 minEcoshock Show NotesEcoshock Show NotesCLIMATE WARSUMMARY Humans pumping more carbon, faster, than in last 66 million years. Lead author Dr. Richard Zeebe from U of Hawaii. From The Center for Climate and Security, Shiloh Fetzek on origins of Syrian conflict, Ret. Brigadier General Gerald Galloway, on what the Pentagon knows about climate threats. Radio Ecoshock 160330. Humans are tossing more carbon into the atmosphere ten times faster, and in much greater quantities, than at any time in the last 66 million years. We'll talk with the lead author of that study, Richard Zeebe. Then, with the turmoil of the Middle East spreading...2016-03-3100 minWP Elevation WordPress Business PodcastWP Elevation WordPress Business PodcastEpisode #65 Justin Sternberg  Justin Sternberg is lead developer at WebDev Studios. Their clients include Microsoft, MSNBC, Boston Magazine, LiveFyre, and TIME. Their plug-ins include BadgeOS, Custom Post Type UI and Apppresser among others. But more importantly Justin understands the value in saying "no." The post Episode #65 Justin Sternberg appeared first on WP Elevation.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.2015-01-221h 11